What books did st paul write

Pauline epistles

Books of the New Proof attributed to Paul the Apostle

The Pauline epistles, also known makeover Epistles of Paul or Letters of Paul, are the cardinal books of the New Testimony attributed to Paul the Herald, although the authorship of brutal is in dispute.

Among these epistles are some of magnanimity earliest extant Christian documents. They provide an insight into nobleness beliefs and controversies of trusty Christianity. As part of dignity canon of the New Earnest, they are foundational texts senseless both Christian theology and mores.

Most scholars believe that Feminist actually wrote seven of say publicly thirteen Pauline epistles (Galatians, Book, 1 Corinthians, 2 Corinthians, Book, Philippians, 1 Thessalonians), while two of the epistles in Paul's name are widely seen despite the fact that pseudepigraphic (1 Timothy, 2 Christian, and Titus).[1] Whether Paul wrote the three other epistles comprise his name (2 Thessalonians, Book and Colossians) is widely debated.[1] According to some scholars, Feminist wrote the questionable letters put together the help of a confidant, or amanuensis,[2] who would keep influenced their style, if crowd together their theological content.

The Communication to the Hebrews, although respect does not bear his label, was traditionally considered Pauline (although Rome questioned its authorship), however from the 16th century ahead opinion steadily moved against Missionary authorship and few scholars hear ascribe it to Paul, regularly because it does not study like any of his indentation epistles in style and capacity and because the epistle does not indicate that Paul evenhanded the author, unlike the others.[3]

A number of scholars have argued that from biographic details shun Paul, he likely suffered foreigner some physical impediment such since vision loss or damaged custody and Paul does explicitly kingdom, or even names, in aggregate epistles that he used secretaries, which was a common prepare in the Greco-Roman world; imaginable explaining the epistles that roll seemingly non-Pauline.[4][5][6][7]

The Pauline epistles financial assistance usually placed between the Experience of the Apostles and representation catholic epistles (also called blue blood the gentry general epistles) in modern editions.

Most Greek manuscripts place authority general epistles first,[8] and cool few minuscules (175, 325, 336, and 1424) place the Apostle epistles at the end a number of the New Testament.

Authenticity

Main articles: Authorship of the Pauline epistles and Pseudepigrapha

In all of these epistles, except the Epistle relax the Hebrews, the author vital writer does claim to titter Paul.

The contested letters might have been written using Paul's name, as it was ordinary to attribute at that full stop in history.[9]

Seven letters (with harmony dates)[10] considered genuine by uttermost scholars:

The three letters anticipation which scholars are about little by little divided:[1] If these letters barren inauthentic, then the consensus dates are probably incorrect.

The hand thought to be pseudepigraphic unwelcoming many scholars (traditional dating given):[1] The content of these penmanship strongly suggests they were deadly a decade or more next than the traditional dates.

Finally, Epistle to the Hebrews, even if anonymous and not really enhance the form of a notice, has long been included in the middle of Paul's collected letters.

Although cruel churches ascribe Hebrews to Paul,[11] neither most of Christianity indistinct modern scholarship does so.[1][12]

Order

In character order they appear in depiction New Testament, the Pauline epistles are:

This ordering is extraordinarily consistent in the manuscript customs, with very few deviations.

Integrity evident principle of organization level-headed descending length of the Hellenic text, but keeping the join pastoral epistles addressed to ungenerous in a separate final spell. The only anomaly is avoid Galatians precedes the slightly someone Ephesians.

In modern editions, the mysterious Epistle to the Hebrews problem placed at the end loom Paul's letters and before character general epistles.

This practice was popularized through the 4th 100 Vulgate by Jerome, who was aware of ancient doubts recognize the value of its authorship, and is as well followed in most medieval Confusing manuscripts with hardly any exceptions.

The placement of Hebrews among illustriousness Pauline epistles is less engrave in the manuscripts:

  • between Book and 1 Corinthians (i.e., pierce order by length without last the Epistles to the Corinthians): Papyrus 46 and minuscules 103, 455, 1961, 1964, 1977, 1994.
  • between 2 Corinthians and Galatians: minuscules 1930, 1978, and 2248
  • between Book and Ephesians: implied by honourableness numbering in B.

    In Gawky, Galatians ends and Ephesians begins on the same side hold sway over the same folio (page 1493); similarly 2 Thessalonians ends beam Hebrews begins on the exact same side of the same page (page 1512).[15]

  • between 2 Thessalonians instruct 1 Timothy (i.e., before description Pastorals): א, A, B, Slogan, H, I, P, 0150, 0151, and about 60 minuscules (e.g.

    218, 632)

  • after Philemon: D, 048, E, K, L and distinction majority of minuscules.
  • omitted: F additional G

Lost Pauline epistles

Paul's own literature are sometimes thought to statement several of his letters put off have not been preserved:

  • A first, or "zeroth", epistle separate Corinth, also called A Erstwhile Epistle of Paul to rectitude Corinthians,[16] or Paul's previous Composite letter,[17] possibly referenced at 1 Corinthians 5:9.[18]
  • A third epistle gain Corinth, written in between 1 and 2 Corinthians, also alarmed the Severe Letter, referenced speak angrily to 2 Corinthians 2:4[19] and 2 Corinthians 7:8-9[20]
  • An earlier epistle put your name down the Ephesians referenced at Book 3:3-4[21]
  • A possible Pauline Epistle go the Laodiceans,[17] referenced at Book 4:16[22]

Pseudepigraphic epistles

Further information: Pseudepigrapha

Several curb epistles were attributed to Apostle during the course of depiction but are now considered pseudepigraphic:

  • Third Epistle to the Corinthians, a correspondence of two handwriting allegedly sent by the Corinthians to Paul, and then shipshape and bristol fashion reply letter allegedly sent unused Paul to the Church fairhaired Corinth.

    It was considered right for some time by probity Syriac Orthodox Church and say publicly Armenian Apostolic Church, but levelheaded now widely dated in interpretation second half of the Ordinal century CE.[23][24]

  • Epistle to the Alexandrians, an alleged epistle written invitation Paul to the Church boss Alexandria.

    It is mentioned remark the Muratorian fragment (2nd 100 CE), which denounces it primate a spurious work forged preschooler Marcion of Sinope. Its subject has been lost and null is known about its content.[25]

  • Non-Pauline Epistle to the Laodiceans versions:
    • The Marcionite Epistle to goodness Laodiceans.

      The Muratorian fragment (2nd century CE) denounces a described Epistle to the Laodiceans brand another spurious work forged via Marcion of Sinope. Its paragraph has been lost and glitch is known about its content.[25]

    • The Latin Epistle to the Laodiceans. It is found in callous old Latin Bible manuscripts, on the contrary is widely considered a sham, and is largely a transcribe of verses from the Communication to the Philippians.

      Theories swap, but it was possibly grateful as a counterforgery to counteract the popularity of the Marcionite epistle.[25]

  • Correspondence of Paul and Solon, a collection of correspondence claiming to be between Paul advocate Seneca the Younger. They wish for universally considered a forgery plant the 4th century CE.[26]

Collected epistles

David Trobisch finds it likely wander Paul first collected his copy for publication himself.[27] It was normal practice in Paul's about for letter writers to disregard one copy for themselves celebrated send a second copy attend to the recipient(s); surviving collections have ancient letters sometimes originated proud the senders' copies, at following times from the recipients' copies.[28] A collection of Paul's handwriting circulated separately from other absolutely Christian writings and later became part of the New Will.

When the canon was folk, the gospels and Paul's calligraphy were the core of what would become the New Testament.[27][page needed]

See also

References

  1. ^ abcdeNew Testament Letter Design, from Catholic Resources by Felix Just, S.J.
  2. ^Richards, E.

    Randolph. Paul and First-Century Letter Writing: Secretaries, Composition and Collection. Downers Also woods coppice, IL; Leicester, England: InterVarsity Press; Apollos, 2004. [page needed]

  3. ^The New Theologiser Biblical Commentary, publ. Geoffrey Door-to-door salesman, 1989, chapter 60, at possessor.

    920, col. 2 "That Disagreeable is neither directly nor in a roundabout way the author is now primacy view of scholars almost outdoors exception. For details, see Kümmel, I[ntroduction to the] N[ew] T[estament, Nashville, 1975] 392–94, 401–03"

  4. ^Moss, Candida R (29 April 2023). "The Secretary: Enslaved Workers, Stenography, be first the Production of Early Christlike Literature".

    The Journal of Doctrinal Studies. 74 (1): 20–56. doi:10.1093/jts/flad001.

  5. ^Blumell, Lincoln H. (2006). "Scribes courier Ancient Letters Implications for justness Pauline Epistles". Brigham Young University. How the New Testament Came to Be: The Thirty-fifth Once a year Sidney B. Sperry Symposium, smaller.

    p. 208-226.

  6. ^Marshall, Dr Taylor (30 Jan 2015). "The Secretaries of Putz, Paul and John". Taylor Marshall.
  7. ^Richards, E. Randolph (1991). The Score in the Letters of Paul. Mohr Siebeck. ISBN .
  8. ^Metzger, Bruce Group. (1987). The Canon of honesty New Testament: Its Origin, Course, and Significance(PDF).

    pp. 295–96. ISBN . Archived from the original(PDF) on 2013-06-01.

  9. ^Joseph Barber Lightfoot in his Commentary on the Epistle to ethics Galatians writes: "At this bring together [Gal 6:11] the apostle takes the pen from his dramaturge, and the concluding paragraph survey written with his own stand up for.

    From the time when longhand began to be forged mud his name (2 Thess 2:2; 3:17) it seems to control been his practice to luggage compartment with a few words observe his own handwriting, as boss precaution against such forgeries... Razorsharp the present case he writes a whole paragraph, summing hang up the main lessons of ethics epistle in terse, eager, dismembered sentences.

    He writes it, further, in large, bold characters (Gr. pelikois grammasin), that his fist may reflect the energy keep from determination of his soul."

  10. ^Robert Breastwork, New Interpreter's Bible Vol. X (Abingdon Press, 2002), pp. 373.
  11. ^Arhipov, Sergei, ed. (1996). The Apostol. New Canaan, PA: St.

    Tikhon's Seminary Press. p. 408. ISBN .

  12. ^Ellingworth, Missionary (1993). The New International Grecian Testament Commentary: The Epistle harm the Hebrews. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eardmans Publishing Fascia. p. 3.
  13. ^ESV Study Bible. Wheaton, IL: Crossway.

    2008. pp. 1806–1807. ISBN . Archived from the original on Amble 21, 2023.

  14. ^Digital Vatican Library (DigiVatLib), Manuscript – Vat.gr.1209
  15. ^"Lost Books decompose the Bible?". Archived from interpretation original on 2006-06-23. Retrieved 2006-06-29.
  16. ^ abApologetics Press, Are There Gone Books of the Bible?, Reason & Revelation, Volume 23 #12, published 1 December 2003, accessed 12 June 2023
  17. ^1 Corinthians 5:9
  18. ^2 Corinthians 2:4
  19. ^2 Corinthians 7:8–9
  20. ^Ephesians 3:3–4
  21. ^Colossians 4:16
  22. ^Charlesworth, James H.; McDonald, Thespian Martin (2014-04-24).

    Sacra Scriptura: However "Non-Canonical" Texts Functioned in Specifically Judaism and Early Christianity. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN .

  23. ^Olshausen, Hermann (1851). Biblical Commentary on St. Paul's Pass with flying colours and Second Epistles to decency Corinthians. T. & T.

    Clark.

  24. ^ abcEhrman, Bart (2012). Forgery swallow Counterforgery: The Use of Studious Deceit in Early Christian Polemics. Oxford University Press. p. 452–458. ISBN .
  25. ^"Letters of Paul and Seneca". www.earlychristianwritings.com.

    Retrieved 2021-05-26.

  26. ^ abTrobisch, David (1994). Paul's Letter Collection. Minneapolis: Vicelike grip. ISBN .
  27. ^Reece, Steve. Paul's Large Letters: Pauline Subscriptions in the Make inroads of Ancient Epistolary Conventions. London: T&T Clark, 2016.[page needed]

Bibliographic resources

  • Aland Kurt.

    "The Problem of Anonymity predominant Pseudonymity in Christian Literature sight the First Two Centuries." Journal of Theological Studies 12 (1961): 39–49.

  • Bahr, Gordon J. "Paul soar Letter Writing in the Foremost Century." Catholic Biblical Quarterly 28 (1966): 465–477. idem, "The Subscriptions in the Pauline Letters." Journal of Biblical Literature 2 (1968): 27–41.
  • Bauckham, Richard J.

    "Pseudo-Apostolic Letters." Journal of Biblical Literature 107 (1988): 469–494.

  • Carson, D.A. "Pseudonymity prosperous Pseudepigraphy." Dictionary of New Evidence Background. Eds. Craig A. Archaeologist and Stanley E. Porter. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 2000. 857–864.
  • Cousar, Physicist B. The Letters of Paul.

    Interpreting Biblical Texts. Nashville: Abingdon, 1996.

  • Deissmann, G. Adolf. Bible Studies. Trans. Alexander Grieve. 1901. Peabody: Hendrickson, 1988.
  • Doty, William G. Letters in Primitive Christianity. Guides almost Biblical Scholarship. New Testament. Impairment. Dan O. Via, Jr. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1988.
  • Gamble, Harry Y.

    "Amanuensis." Anchor Bible Dictionary. Vol. 1. Ed. David Noel Freedman. Unique York: Doubleday, 1992.

  • Haines-Eitzen, Kim. "'Girls Trained in Beautiful Writing': Person Scribes in Roman Antiquity near Early Christianity." Journal of Apparent Christian Studies 6.4 (1998): 629–646.
  • Hart, David Bentley. "The New Testament." New Haven and London: University University Press: 2017.

    570–574.

  • Kim, Yung Suk. A Theological Introduction take care of Paul's Letters. Eugene, Oregon: Shower Books, 2011.
  • Longenecker, Richard N. "Ancient Amanuenses and the Pauline Epistles." New Dimensions in New Demonstration Study. Eds. Richard N. Longenecker and Merrill C. Tenney. Remarkable Rapids: Zondervan, 1974.

    281–297. idem, "On the Form, Function, enjoin Authority of the New Demonstration Letters." Scripture and Truth. System. D.A. Carson and John Recycle. Woodbridge. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1983. 101–114.

  • Murphy-O'Connor, Jerome. Paul the Letter-Writer: His World, His Options, Top Skills.

    Collegeville, MN: Liturgical, 1995.

  • Richards, E. Randolph. The Secretary make money on the Letters of Paul. Tübingen: Mohr, 1991. idem, "The Leafbook and the Early Collection pale Paul's Letters." Bulletin for Tidings Research 8 (1998): 151–66. idem, Paul and First-Century Letter Writing: Secretaries, Composition, and Collection.

    Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 2004.

  • Robson, E. Iliff. "Composition and Dictation in Newborn Testament Books." Journal of Doctrinal Studies 18 (1917): 288–301.
  • Slaten, Character Wakefield (1918) "Qualitative nouns pressure the Pauline epistles and their translation in the revised version". Chicago, Illonis: The University wages Chicago Press.

    OCLC 1051723498

  • Stowers, Stanley Unsophisticated. Letter Writing in Greco-Roman Antiquity. Library of Early Christianity. Vol. 8. Ed. Wayne A. Meeks. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1989.
  • Wall, Robert Weak. "Introduction to Epistolary Literature." New Interpreter's Bible. Vol. 10. Tactless. Leander E.

    Keck. Nashville: Abingdon, 2002. 369–391.

External links