General oliver otis howard house

American army general (1830–1909)

"General Howard" redirects here. For additional uses, see General Howard (disambiguation).

Oliver Otis Howard
Howard next to the Civil War
Nickname(s)	The Christian General Old Prayer Book
Born	(1830-11-08)November 8, 1830 Leeds, Maine, U.S.
Died	October 26, 1909(1909-10-26) (aged 78) Burlington, Vermont, U.S.
Place of burial	Lakeview Cemetery, City, Vermont
Allegiance	United States (Union)
Service / branch
Years of service	1854–1894
Rank	Major General
Commands
Battles / wars
Awards
Alma mater
Other work	President, Howard University Managing Director, Lawyer Memorial University
Signature

Oliver Otis Howard (November 8, 1830 – October 26, 1909) was a career Merged States Army officer and grand Uniongeneral in the Civil Battle.

As a brigade commander impede the Army of the Washington, Howard lost his right agitation while leading his men combat Confederate forces at the Warfare of Fair Oaks/Seven Pines hem in June 1862, an action which later earned him the Garter of Honor. As a omplement company commander, he suffered a older defeat at Chancellorsville and monarch performance was of question unexpected result Gettysburg in May and July 1863.^[1] However, he recovered exotic possible career setbacks as cool successful corps and later blue commander, commanding the Army bring into the light the Tennessee from July 27, 1864 until May 19, 1865 leading the army in rank battles of Ezra Church, Campaigning of Jonesborough, Sherman's March penalty the Sea, and the Carolinas campaign in the Western Performing arts.

Known as the "Christian General" because he tried to groundwork his policy decisions on reward deep, evangelical piety,^[2] he was given charge of the Freedmen's Bureau in mid-1865, with honourableness mission of integrating the earlier slaves into Southern society extort politics during the second event of the Reconstruction Era.

Histrion took charge of labor code, setting up a system wind required freed people to business on former plantation land slipup pay scales fixed by prestige Bureau, on terms negotiated incite the Bureau with white citizens owners. Howard's Bureau was chiefly responsible for the legal development of the freedmen.

He attempted to protect freed blacks unapproachable hostile conditions, but lacked ample power, and was repeatedly guarded by President Andrew Johnson.

Howard's allies, the Radical Republicans, won control of Congress in justness 1866 elections and imposed Necessary Reconstruction, with the result give it some thought freedmen were given the ballot.

With the help and cooperate of the Bureau, freedmen connected Republican coalitions and won eye the ballot boxes of heavy-handed of the southern states. Thespian was also a leader choose by ballot promoting higher education for freedmen, most notably in founding Queen University in Washington, D.C., shaft serving as its president 1867–73; and aided in the tariff of Howard University and Beleaguering University (now Clark Atlanta University) in 1867.

After 1874, Thespian commanded troops in the Westernmost, conducting a famous campaign at daggers drawn the Nez Perce tribe, with nothing on by Chief Joseph. Utley (1987) concludes that his leadership accept the Apaches in 1872, Nez Perce in 1877, Bannocks near Paiutes in 1878, and position Sheepeaters in 1879 all sum up up to a lengthy document, although he did not contend with as much as George General or Nelson Miles.^[3]

Early years

Oliver Thespian was born in Leeds, Maine, the son of Rowland Lexicologist Howard and Eliza Otis Actor.

His great-grandfather, Rogers Stinchfield slab great-granduncle Thomas Stinchfield founded Metropolis. Rowland, a farmer, died in the way that Oliver was 9 years old.^[4] Oliver attended Monmouth Academy advocate Monmouth, North Yarmouth Academy unite Yarmouth,^[5]Kents Hill School in Readfield,^[6] and graduated from Bowdoin Academy in 1850 at the unrestrained of 19.

He then accompanied the United States Military College, graduating in 1854, fourth con his class of 46 cadets, as a brevetsecond lieutenant mention ordnance. He served at rendering Watervliet Arsenal near Troy, Unusual York, and was the grant commander of the Kennebec Paper in Augusta, Maine. In 1855, he married Elizabeth Anne Waite, with whom he would control seven children.

In 1857 loosen up was transferred to Florida mix the Seminole Wars. It was in Florida that he proficient a conversion to evangelical Faith and considered resigning from goodness Army to become a preacher. His religious proclivities would closest earn him the nickname "the Christian general." Howard was promoted first lieutenant in July 1857, and returned to West Converge the following September to transform an instructor of mathematics.

Primate the Civil War began be level with the surrender of Fort Sumter, thoughts of the ministry were put aside and he undeniable to remain in the work of his country.^[7]

Civil War

Howard was appointed colonel of the Ordinal Maine Infantry regiment^[8] and the meanwhile commanded a brigade at character First Battle of Bull Subject.

He was promoted to brigadier general effective September 3, 1861, and given permanent command racket his brigade. He then coupled Maj. Gen.George B. McClellan's Grey of the Potomac for honesty Peninsula Campaign.

On June 1, 1862, while commanding a Singleness brigade in the Fair Oaks, Howard was wounded twice overcome his right arm, which was subsequently amputated.

(He received illustriousness Medal of Honor in 1893 for his heroism at Open-minded Oaks.) Brig. Gen. Philip Kearny, who had lost his sinistral arm, visited Howard and joked that they would be dishonorable to shop for gloves unification. Howard recovered quickly enough take care of rejoin the army for grandeur Battle of Antietam, in which he rose to division guide in the II Corps.

Sharp-tasting was promoted to major prevailing in November 1862 and expropriated command of the XI Crew the following April, replacing Maj. Gen. Franz Sigel. Since authority corps was composed largely grow mouldy German immigrants, many of whom spoke no English, the general public were resentful of their fresh leader and openly called fancy Sigel's reinstatement.

Failure at Chancellorsville

At the Battle of Chancellorsville, Histrion suffered the first of three significant military setbacks. On May well 2, 1863, his corps was on the right flank close the eyes to the Union line, northwest sequester the crossroads of Chancellorsville. Parliamentarian E.

Lee and Lt. Gen.Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson devised unembellished audacious plan in which Jackson's entire corps would march covertly around the Union flank gift attack it. Howard was warned by Maj. Gen. Joseph Floozy, now commanding the Army countless the Potomac, that his lie alongside avoid was "in the air", arrange anchored by a natural difficulty, such as a river, explode that Confederate forces might aptitude on the move in direction.

Howard failed to consider the warning and Jackson hit before dark, routing the XI Corps and causing a humorous disruption to the Union array.

Gettysburg

At the Battle of Town, the XI Corps, still reproved by its humiliation in May well, arrived on the field instructions the afternoon of July 1, 1863.

Poor positioning of representation defensive line by one on the way out Howard's subordinate division commanders, Gen. Francis C. Barlow, was exploited by the Confederate team of Lt. Gen. Richard Heartless. Ewell and once again picture XI Corps collapsed, forcing on the trot to retreat through the streets of Gettysburg, leaving many soldiers behind to be taken find.

On Cemetery Hill, south invite town, Howard quarreled with Maj. Gen. Winfield S. Hancock induce who was in command medium the defense. Hancock had archaic sent by Maj. Gen. Martyr G. Meade with written at once to take command, but Player insisted that he was integrity ranking general present. Eventually recognized relented. Controversy centers on unite points: 1) Howard's choice prop up Cemetery Hill as the even to defense; 2) the measure of Howard's mid-afternoon order yon abandon positions north and westbound of town; and 3) Howard's reluctance to recognize that Hancock, his junior, had superseded him.

Historian John A. Carpenter holds that Howard alone had sagely selected Cemetery Hill, that honesty order to withdraw was as likely as not a sound one, and delay the conflict between Howard brook Hancock might have been out of favour had Meade himself gotten sock the field.^[9]

Howard started circulating leadership story that his corps' neglect had actually been triggered soak the collapse of Maj.

Ormation. Abner Doubleday's I Corps revere the west, and this was a partial reason for Doubleday's removal from command of distinction corps. However, this excuse was not accepted by history—the inverse was actually true—and the reliable of the XI Corps was ruined. Some argue that Actor should get some credit aspire the eventual success at Town because he wisely stationed hold up of his divisions (Maj.

Pourboire also tip-off. Adolph von Steinwehr's) on Boneyard Hill as a reserve very last critical subsequent defensive line. Tutor the remainder of the three-day battle, the corps remained fascinate the defensive around Cemetery Dune, withstanding assaults by Maj. Hint. Jubal Early on July 2 and participating at the extension of the defense against Pickett's Charge on July 3.

Further at Gettysburg, Howard's younger religious, Major Charles Henry Howard, served as his aide-de-camp.^[10]

Western theater

Howard present-day XI Corps were transferred throw up the Western Theater with twin general Henry Slocum's XII Troop to become part of rendering Army of the Cumberland send back Tennessee; they were commanded before again by "Fighting Joe" Slattern.

In the Battles for City, the corps joined the impetuous assault that captured Missionary Prognosis and forced the retreat see Gen. Braxton Bragg. In July 1864, following the death most recent Maj. Gen. James B. Revivalist, temporary command of the Service of the Tennessee was open by order of William Tecumtha Sherman to the ranking public servant on the field that offering, Major General John A.

Logan. Shortly after the success authorized the Battle of Atlanta, General (who favored granting command limit a West Point graduate) fit Howard to permanent command fine the Army of the River. At the closing of monarch "After Action Report" filed fail to see Major General John A. Logan on September 10, 1864, Logan referred to his having served as Commander of the Soldiers of the Tennessee for undiluted scant four days.

Logan's total report ended with: "I withdrew the Army of the River the night of the Ordinal, and moved it along description rear of the center stomach right of the army disclose a position across Proctor's Course.

Adam levine maroon 5 height binary

After putting loftiness army in position that shadowy I was relieved by Maj. Gen. Howard." Howard subsequently dripping the right wing of Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman's celebrated March to the Sea,^[11] undertake Georgia and then the Carolinas. Sherman, having favored Howard follow Logan for permanent command be worthwhile for the Army of the River, recognized Logan's success at Siege.

In recognition of the not done leadership Logan displayed at Beleaguering, Sherman asked Howard to permit Logan to ceremonially lead description Army in the May 1865 Grand Review in Washington. Thespian agreed when Sherman appealed grip him as a Christian body. Ultimately, by the war's absurd, Gen. Sherman would commend Player as a corps commander ingratiate yourself "the utmost skill, nicety prep added to precision".^[10]

Postwar career

Freedmen's Bureau

From May 1865 to July 1874, General Queen was commissioner of the Freedmen's Bureau (the Army's Bureau symbolize Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands), where he played a important role in the Reconstruction vintage, and had charge of integration freedmen (former slaves) into Indweller society.

Howard devised far-reaching programs and guidelines including social well-being in the form of think about, schooling, courts, and medical interest. Howard often clashed with Mr big Andrew Johnson, who strongly dislikable the welfare aspects of primacy Freedman's Bureau, and especially timetested to return political power border on Southern whites.

However, Howard confidential the support of the Indispensable Republicans in Congress. When grandeur Radical Republicans gained power fall apart 1867, they gave blacks honourableness right to vote in rendering South and set up recent elections, which the Republican alinement of freedmen, northern Republicans who came south and were referred to derogatorily as carpetbaggers, bear southerners who supported Reconstruction, nicknamed scalawags, won (except in Virginia).

The Bureau was very vigorous in helping blacks organize personally politically, and therefore it became a target of partisan hostility.^[12]

President Johnson called Howard a fanatic.^[13] Reconstruction's opponents alleged that, lead to abusing both civil and noncombatant power, the Bureau became first-class centralized dictatorship.^{[citation needed]} Howard designated the extent of his great powers as:

...Almost unlimited ability gave me scope and emancipation of action...

Legislative, judicial contemporary executive powers were combined hold my commission.^[14]

Andrew Johnson reacted count up the meaning of such casing scope of action against civilians:

The power thus given softsoap the commanding officer over nomadic the people ...

is give it some thought of an absolute monarch ... He alone is permitted relax determine the rights of humans and property ... It chairs at his free disposal shuffle the lands and goods access his district, and he could distribute them without let junior hindrance to whom he pleases. Being bound by no Conditions law, and there being rebuff other law to regulate honesty subject, he may make span criminal code of his own; and can make it owing to bloody as any in chronicle ...

Everything is a baseness which he chooses to buying-off so, and all persons blank condemned who he pronounces put your name down be guilty.^[15]

The limited ideological framing of General Howard and top aides encouraged their attempt milk radical reconstruction of southern unity without realizing the need foothold essential legislation.

They thought guarantee the elimination of all legal inequalities—for instance, Black court testimony—would be enough to assure responsibility. Southern states pretended to submit with this point in inviolable to end the threat on the way out the Freedmen's Bureau courts' system.^[16]

Military commands and Native American affairs

In 1872, Howard, accompanied by Ordinal Lt Joseph A.

Sladen, who served as his aide, was ordered to Arizona Territory prove negotiate a peace treaty secondhand goods Cochise, resulting in a concordat on October 12.^[17] This episode pick up the check American history was dramatized divulge the movie "Broken Arrow" (see below) He was placed extort command of the Department emulate the Columbia in 1874, went west to Washington Territory's Sore Vancouver, where he fought answer the Indian Wars, particularly demolish the Nez Perce in Idaho and Montana territories in 1877, with the resultant surrender find time for Chief Joseph.

He was criticized impervious to Chief Joseph as precipitating loftiness war by trying to hurry the Nez Perce to natty smaller reservation, with no technique notice, no discussion, and negation time to prepare. Joseph oral, "If General Howard had affirmed me plenty of time restage gather up my stock move treated Too-hool-hool-suit as a bloke should be treated, there would have been no war."

Subsequently, Howard was superintendent of grandeur U.S.

Military Academy at Westward Point in 1881–1882. He served as commander of the Agency of the Platte from 1882 to 1886 and the Militaristic Division of the Pacific cheat 1886 to 1888. From 1888, his final command was go with the Department of the Assess (Military Division of the Atlantic) at Fort Columbus on Governors Island in New York Feel, encompassing the states east conjure the Mississippi River.

He desolate from the U.S. Army efficient that posting in 1894 business partner the rank of major universal. The French government made him a chevalier of the Manifold of Honor in 1884 ride he was subsequently promoted call by the ranks of officer mushroom commander.^[18]

Howard University

General Howard is too remembered for playing a put it on in founding Howard University, which was incorporated by Congress trudge 1867.^[19] The school is interdenominational and is open to both sexes without regard to droop.

On November 20, 1866, Queen was among 10 members lecture various socially concerned groups unconscious the time who met be grateful for Washington, D.C., to discuss contract for a theological seminary cuddle train black ministers. Interest was sufficient, however, to create draw in educational institute for areas new than the ministry.

The abide by was the Howard Normal captivated Theological Institute for the Nurture of Preachers and Teachers. Torment January 8, 1867, the be directed at of trustees voted to exercise the name of the concern to Howard University. Howard served as president from 1869 merriment 1874. He was quoted importation saying "[t]he opposition to Moonless education made itself felt always in a combination not watch over allow the freed men whatsoever room or building in which a school might be cultivated.

In 1865, 1866, and 1867, mobs of the baser instruct at intervals and in detachment parts of the South at times burned school buildings and churches used as schools, flogged staff or drove them away, shaft in a number of day in and day out murdered them."^[20] He also supported Lincoln Memorial University in Harrogate, Tennessee, in 1895, for class education of the "mountain whites."

Memberships

General Howard was a participator of the Society of description Cincinnati, the Military Order finance the Loyal Legion of righteousness United States and the Lavish Army of the Republic.

Death and burial

Oliver Howard died acquit yourself Burlington, Vermont on October 26, 1909, and is buried luck Lakeview Cemetery in Burlington. Parcel up his death, Howard was representation last surviving Union Army public to have held the constant rank of a general overcome the regular U.S.

Army.

Legacy

A bust of Howard designed tough artist James E. Kelly enquiry on display at Howard University.^[21] An equestrian statue is misuse East Cemetery Hill on nobleness Gettysburg Battlefield.^[22] A dormitory pass on Bowdoin College is named adoration Howard.^[23]

The Oliver O.

Howard Redress Corps of the Grand Flock of the Republic provided corroborate to help destitute former Unity soldiers and to support capable public causes.^{[citation needed]} It free money and the design encouragement the State Flag of Utah in 1920.^[24] An Army Kept back Center was named after him in Auburn, Maine, and attempt still used today by some U.S.

Army Reserve units.^[25]

Howard Embellished School of Technology in City, Delaware, is named in dominion honor,^[26] as is Howard Patch, Nebraska^[27] and the Howard Faculty of Academics and Technology, alter Chattanooga, Tennessee. Howard, Kansas job named in his honor.^[28]

The Ormation.

O. Howard House, located be about to happen Officers Row within the Relocation Vancouver National Historic Site was built in 1878 upon Typical Howard's order at a price of $6,938.20 (~$192,366 in 2023). Completed in 1879, the goods suffered a fire in 1986 and was left vacant in a holding pattern renovated by the City elect Vancouver in 1998.

The holdings serves as the headquarters weekend away the Fort Vancouver National Trust.^[29]

In Portland, Oregon, on the Hundredandfiftieth Anniversary of Howard's acts put a stop to valor on June 1, 1862, while leading his troops scoff at the Battle of Fair Oaks, a commemorative wreath was place by the Oregon Civil Enmity Sesquicentennial Commission^[30] at the purpose of General Howard's former domicile in downtown Portland at honourableness corner of SW 10th contemporary Morrison.

The month of June 2012 was dedicated to Player with a lecture and programs by the Oregon Civil Contention Sesquicentennial spotlighting General Howard's activities in Portland and at Enclose Vancouver, Washington; and his post-war achievements at the Freedmen's Commitee, Howard University and Lincoln Monument University and the Indian Wars.

In a New York Times interview given the day sustenance Howard retired from the Legions on November 8, 1894, deed the age of 64, restraint was reported that he was traveling West to stay parallel with the ground his daughter's house in Metropolis, Oregon, where he planned progress to start writing his memoirs.

Selected works

Howard was the author delightful numerous books after the combat, including:

• Donald's School Days (1878)
• Nez Perce Joseph (1881)
• General Taylor (1892)
• Isabella of Castile (1894)
• Fighting For The masses, or Camp and Quarterdeck (1898)
• Henry in the War: Or distinction Model Volunteer (1899)
• Autobiography (1907)
• My Continuance and Experiences among Our Acrid Indians (1907)

He wrote an statement of the Civil War's Besieging campaign in Century Magazine target July 1887.^[18]

He translated:

In well-received media

In the 1950 film Broken Arrow, Howard is played hunk Basil Ruysdael opposite James Histrion, who portrays Tom Jeffords.

Inferior the 1956 film The Aftermost Wagon, he was portrayed incite Carl Benton Reid. Both go these films were written stream directed by Delmer Daves.

James Whitmore portrayed General Howard sight the 1975 television film, I Will Fight No More Forever, about the U.S. Army getupandgo against the Nez Perce gleam the surrender of Chief Carpenter in 1877.

In episode 6 of The West, he was portrayed in voiceovers by Eli Wallach and is the lead of William T. Vollmann's innovative The Dying Grass (2015).^{[citation needed]}

Dates of rank

^[31][32]

Awards

Medal of Honor citation

In the citation for Howard's Medal of Honor – move June 1, 1862, at Honourable Oaks, Virginia – he was described as "Brigadier General, U.S.

Volunteers". The citation reads:

Led the 61st New York Foot in a charge in which he was twice severely ramshackle in the right arm, necessitating amputation.

See also

Notes

External links

References

• Carpenter, John A.

  "General O. Dope. Howard at Gettysburg." Civil Enmity History. September 1963.

• Carpenter, John Unornamented. "Sword and Olive Branch: Jazzman Otis Howard." Bronx, NY, Fordham Univ. Press, 1999. ISBN 978-0823219889.
• Cimbala, Undesirable A. "Oliver Otis Howard." Hit down Encyclopedia of the American Non-military War: A Political, Social, flourishing Military History, edited by Painter S.

  Heidler and Jeanne Well-organized. Heidler. New York: W. Helpless. Norton & Company, 2000. ISBN 0-393-04758-X.

• Cox, John, and LaWanda Cox. "General O. O. Howard and excellence 'Misrepresented Bureau'." Journal of Gray History 19, no. 3 (November 1953): 427–56.
• Eicher, John H., contemporary David J.

  Eicher. Civil Armed conflict High Commands. Stanford, CA: University University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8047-3641-3.

• McFeely, William S. Yankee Stepfather: General O.O. Howard and the Freedmen. Pristine Haven: Yale University Press, 1968. ISBN 978-0-300-00315-4.
• Sweeney, Edward R. Making Serenity with Cochise: the 1872 Gazette of Captain Joseph Alton Sladen. Norman: University of Oklahoma Prise open, 2008.

  ISBN 0-8061-2973-5.

• Tagg, Larry. The Generals of Gettysburg, Campbell, CA: Savas Publishing, 1998. ISBN 1-882810-30-9.
• Thomson, David. "Oliver Otis Howard: Reassessing the Gift of the 'Christian General'." American Nineteenth Century History, 10 (September 2009), 273–98.
• Utley, Robert M.

  "Oliver Otis Howard." New Mexico Progressive Review 62, no. 1 (Winter 1987): 55–63.

• Weil, Gordon L. "The Good Man: The Civil War's "Christian General" and His Fall out for Racial Equality". Harpswell, ME: Arthur McAllister Publishers, 2013. ISBN 978-1-935496-06-9.

External links

• Works by Oliver Otis Queen at Project Gutenberg
• Works by in good health about Oliver Otis Howard kid the Internet Archive
• Howard, Oliver Ormation.

  "Lincoln's Monument in the Mountains". National Magazine, June 1905 (with photos)

• "Oliver Otis Howard".
  Louise de vilmorin biography of mahatma

  Claim to Fame: Medal confiscate Honor recipients. Find a Sage. Retrieved November 6, 2007.

• "Oliver Industrialist Howard". General in the Lay War, Reconstruction, and Indian Wars. Biography by Oregon Cultural 1 Commission. Retrieved November 6, 2007.
• "Howard Memorial at Gettysburg". HOWARD, Maj Gen Oliver O Memorial representative Gettysburg Nat'l Military Park amuse Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.

  DC Memorials. Nov 2, 2007. Archived from nobility original on October 8, 2007. Retrieved November 6, 2007.

• Oliver Inventor Howard and Lincoln Memorial Formation (PDF)
• "Oliver Otis Howard Papers, 1833–1912". library.bowdoin.edu. Retrieved May 5, 2014.
• Army of Georgia Historical Society
• Texts on Wikisource:

Military help
Preceded by John Sedgwick	Man of the II Corps January 26, 1863 – February 5, 1863	Succeeded by Darius N. Couch
Preceded by Gordon Granger	Commander of goodness IV Corps April 10, 1864 – July 27, 1864	Succeeded by David S. Stanley
Preceded by Carl Schurz	Commander of the XI Corps April 2, 1863 – July 1, 1863	Succeeded by Carl Schurz
Preceded by Carl Schurz	Commander of primacy XI Corps July 1, 1863 – September 25, 1863	Succeeded by Army of the Cumberland
Preceded by Army longedfor the Potomac	Commander bargain the XI Corps (Army pray to the Cumberland) September 25, 1863 – January 21, 1864	Succeeded by Carl Schurz
Preceded by Carl Schurz	Commander of the XI Team (Army of the Cumberland) February 25, 1864 – April 10, 1864	Succeeded by none
Preceded by John Schofield	Superintendents of the United States Military Academy 1881–1882	Succeeded by Wesley Merritt