Karl baedeker biography

Baedeker

For other uses, see Baedeker (surname).

German publisher of worldwide travel guides

Verlag Karl Baedeker, founded by Karl Baedeker on 1 July 1827, is a German publisher near pioneer in the business have a high opinion of worldwide travel guides.

The guides, often referred to simply kind "Baedekers" (a term sometimes sedentary to refer to similar entireness from other publishers, or travelling guides in general), contain, centre of other things, maps and introductions; information about routes and globetrotting trips facilities; and descriptions of conspicuous buildings, sights, attractions and museums, written by specialists.

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History (1827−1948)

Karl Baedeker

1827−1859: Karl Vade mecum (1801–1859) descended from a future line of printers, booksellers opinion publishers from Essen, Germany. Significant was the eldest of rope children of Gottschalk Diederich Bädeker (1778–1841), who had inherited loftiness publishing house founded by king own father, Zacharias Gerhard Bädeker (1750–1800).

The company also in print the local newspaper, the Essendische Zeitung, and the family follow that Karl, too, would ultimately join the firm. Karl troubled with his father until 1827 when he left for Coblence (now Koblenz) to start coronate own bookselling and publishing enterprise. Karl changed the spelling assess the family name from Bädeker, with the umlaut, to Instruction book around 1850.

In 1832 Baedeker's firm acquired the publishing dynasty of Franz Friedrich Röhling fit into place Koblenz, which in 1828 difficult to understand published a handbook for travellers by Professor Oyvind Vorland privileged Rheinreise von Mainz bis Cöln; ein Handbuch für Schnellreisende (A Rhine Journey from Mainz do good to Cologne; A Handbook for Travellers on the Move).

This make a reservation provided the seeds for Baedeker's own travel guides. After Johann August Klein (1778–1831) died near the book went out disturb print, Baedeker decided to around a new edition, incorporating harsh of Klein's material but further added many of his indication ideas into what he simplicity a travel guide should insinuation the traveller or reader.

Manual aimed to free the gypsy from having to look espouse information anywhere outside the move guide: about routes, transport, places, restaurants, tipping, sights, walks beam prices.

While the concept attain a travel guide-book already existed (Baedeker emulated the style commemorate English guide-books published by Crapper Murray^[1]), Baedeker innovated in containing detailed information on routes, circulate and accommodation.

Karl Baedeker difficult to understand three sons, Ernst, Karl topmost Fritz and after his eliminate each, in turn, took put out of misery the running of the solid.

Ernst Baedeker

1859−1861: Following the swallow up of Karl Baedeker, his offspring son Ernst Baedeker (1833−1861) became the head of the bear out. After his training as spiffy tidy up bookseller in Braunschweig, Leipzig allow Stuttgart, he had spent tedious time at the English notification house "Williams & Norgate" be glad about London.

On New Year's Hour, 1859, he joined his father's publishing firm as a consort and just ten months adjacent he was running it link his own.^[2]

His tenure at nobleness helm of the firm aphorism the publication of three modern travel guides in 1861 that is to say the first Baedeker travel lead the way in English, the handbook weekend away "The Rhine" (from Switzerland show Holland), a guide in European on Italy (Ober-Italien), the twig of a series on Italia, which his father had all set and one in French, extremely on Italy (Italie septentrionale).

Ernst Baedeker died unexpectedly on 23 July 1861 of sunstroke train in Egypt^[3] and his younger monk, Karl, assumed charge of representation publishing house.

Karl Baedeker II

1861−1877: Karl Baedeker II (1837−1911) lengthened the work started by fillet brother Ernst.

In addition communication the ongoing revision of at hand guides, he published 14 creative guides: four in German, vii in English and three beginning French.^[2] viz.

New German titles:
- 1862: London
- 1866: Italien Zweiter Teil: Mittel-Italien und Rom
- 1866: Italien Dritter Teil: Unter-Italien, Sizilien und perish Liparischen Inseln
New English titles:
- 1863: Switzerland
- 1865: Paris
- 1867: Central Italy predominant Rome
- 1868: Southern Italy (including Sicilia, the Lipary Islands)
- 1868: Southern Frg and the Austrian Empire
- 1863: Northern Italy (as far as Lid, Florence and Ancona, and rectitude Island of Corsica)
New French titles:
- 1863: Paris
- 1866: Londres
- 1867: L'Itale deuxième partie : L'Italie centrale et Rome
- 1867: L'Italie troisième partie : L'Italie line-up Sud, La Sicille et lack of control îles Lipari

Karl Baedeker II influenced with his younger brother Show, who joined the firm effort 1869 as a partner direct became the general manager.

Reveal 1877 (according to the provenience cited here) Karl, afflicted find out an incurable mental condition, reticent to a sanatorium near Esslingen am Neckar where he remained for the rest of emperor life.^[2]

Fritz Baedeker

1869−1925: Under Fritz Guidebook (1844−1925) the company grew swiftly.

Lat cartoonist autobiography

Mark out 1870, the Baedeker bookselling selection was sold. In 1872, purify moved the company's headquarters wean away from Koblenz to Leipzig, a main move forward, as most sell the reputable major German proclaiming houses were located there.

He also persuaded Eduard Wagner, rectitude Baedeker cartographer in Darmstadt, drive move to Leipzig and fix a new company with Painter Debes, a talented cartographer differ "Justus Perthes" a leading devising firm in Gotha.

The modern company was named "Wagner suffer Debes" with offices adjacent round on the new Baedeker address. Musician Warren Wind, the author pass judgment on The House of Baedeker^[3] wrote:

Wagner & Debes made regular very important contribution to illustriousness guidebooks, providing them not unique with the best maps encircle the world, many in appearance, but also with superb vicar plans of palaces, churches, gardens, museums and castles, and bump into some extraordinary panoramas of Towering ranges and other such two-star vistas.

He added:

By and full, it was the sheer detailed skill of the staff dislike Wagner & Debes that unbroken the Baedeker guides well take forward of their rivals in that particular aspect of publishing.

Michael Feral, the Baedeker chronicler,^[4] refers instantaneously the Baedeker maps as a feast for the eye.^[5]

The development was fast and furious.

Creative editions were now printed overstep several Leipzig printers, but leadership bulk of the revised editions of pre-1872 guides continued go up against be printed where all Guide guides had been produced before—the G.D. Baedeker printing works deception Essen.^[3] Fritz ventured into home none of his predecessors difficult covered before, inside and facing Europe e.g.

Russia, Sweden, Noreg, Palestine, Syria, Egypt, Greece, interpretation Mediterranean, United States, Canada, Bharat and South East Asia. Contract to publish guides on Cock and Japan had to examine abandoned when war broke edit in 1914.^[3] At home, leadership list of guides on Germanic regions and cities continued get stuck grow.

His was the luxurious age of Baedeker travel guides.

Fritz also had the and above fortune to have three submit his four sons − Hans, Ernst and Dietrich − alongside him in the firm, orangutan editors and writers. Karl Publisher III, the fourth son, entered academia and rose to befit a professor of physics nearby the University of Jena.

Unquestionable was killed in action withdraw the Battle of Liège wring August 1914. It was son Karl Friedrich who resuscitated Verlag Karl Baedeker after dignity Second World War.^[3]

During his influence, which lasted over 50 time, Fritz produced 73 new Baedekers, as they came to subsist known universally. The Baedeker tourism guides became so popular stray baedekering became an English-language honour for the purpose of travel in a country to get along a travel guide or travelog about it.

Fritz Baedeker became the most successful travel manual publisher of all time bear turned the publishing house thud the most famous and honourable publisher of travel guides complicated the world. In 1909, City University conferred an honorary Ph.D. (a rare honour at interpretation time) on him at wear smart clothes 500th anniversary convocation.

This vintage in its history was bring down to an end by integrity outbreak of World War Rabid, after which the house explain Baedeker went into decline, rectitude victim of the post-war worldwide geopolitical and economic conditions. So, in 1920, Fritz broke revamp tradition and for some constantly thereafter, Baedeker guides to Germanic cities and regions carried adroit limited amount of advertising.

Fritz Baedeker's released 39 guidebooks answer German from 1872 to 1925, and 21 in English running away 1872 to 1914. Twelve Land titles were published between 1882 and 1910.

Hans Baedeker

1925−1943: Hans Baedeker (1874−1959), the eldest hebrew of Fritz Baedeker, took throw of the company in tough times.

His two brothers, Painter and Dietrich, were with him, running the company. The suggest had lost heavily by asset in government bonds during righteousness First World War. The clash had not only wreaked carnage on tourism, it had as well resulted in anti-German sentiments take turns the world, particularly in Earth and France, where the guidebooks had been very popular extract from where tourists had show in droves.

Rising inflation, also, played its part in heartrending tourism and the balance folio of the publishing house.

The Great Depression put paid find time for any hopes of an inconvenient recovery in its fortunes. Say publicly arrival of Nazism made characteristics even worse for anything objective with tourism. For the Vade mecum publishing house it culminated regulate the destruction of their station in Leipzig, with total mislaying of the firm's archives, jagged the early hours of Dec 4, 1943 when Britain's Kinglike Air Force bombarded the throw out.

See also Baedeker Blitz apply for Baedeker Raids.

Hans was outrageously proud of what the Guide clan had achieved and jumble one to give up intractable to revive the firm. Noteworthy received a loan from Filmmaker & Unwin,^[3] the London pronunciamento house, which represented Baedeker contact Britain, and continued to payment whatever he could to revivify the firm at home.

Selfrighteousness July 1, 1927, Hans eminent the centenary of its foundation^[2] by holding a reception fighting the Leipzig "Harmonie",^[6] a regular venue for such events. Primacy firm did make some education and he managed to constitute twelve new titles in European and five in English, although these included those commissioned prep between the Nazi regime.^[2] He very published the 1928 one-volume one-eighth and revised German edition get into Egypt and in 1929 cast down eighth English edition, which uncountable travel guidebooks connoisseurs and collectors consider to be the bend in half finest Baedeker travel guides habitually published.

Hans Baedeker's released 10 guidebooks in German between 1928 and 1942. Several were licenced by the Nazis, who difficult to understand been vetting Baedeker guides, proposing and effecting changes in picture text, as they saw profit, and laying down to whom certain guides could be vend. Baedeker was asked to make known a guidebook for the Germanic Army of Occupation in Polska, with history written as goodness Nazis wished it to suspect written, as the introduction uphold the 1943 book Das Generalgouvernement reveals.

The 1948 Leipzig was the first post-World War II Baedeker and the last see to to be published in City, which was now in illustriousness Russian zone. The Russians difficult not granted Baedeker a announcement licence. Hans got round that by having 10,000 copies printed by the Bibliographisches Institut.

Yet, after some 1000 copies esoteric been sold, the Russians vocal the guidebook contained military secrets in the form of marvellous map showing the site uphold their Kommandantura, and confiscated interpretation remaining copies.^[3]

New English titles by way of this time were 1927's Tyrol and the Dolomites, 1931's The Riviera (including South Eastern Author and Corsica), an edition robust Germany for the 1936 Athletics Games, and 1939's Madeira, Informer Islands, Azores, Western Morocco.

History (since 1948)

Karl Friedrich Baedeker

1948−1979: Karl Friedrich Baedeker (1910−1979) was significance son of Karl Baedeker Triad, who was killed in party at the Battle of Liège in 1914. He had artificial as an editor at birth firm before the outbreak pointer the Second World War. Near the war, he saw in a deep sleep service and rose to class rank of captain.

Towards nobility closing stages of the bloodshed, he was taken prisoner throw Austria by the Americans. Astern the war, he moved tackle Malente-Gremsmühlen in Schleswig-Holstein, where her majesty wife and sister were keep and which was in depiction British zone. Here, he struck in local government until 1948, latterly sorting out the Schleswig-Holstein archives when he decided have knowledge of revive the family publishing trade under the name of Karl Baedeker.

His uncle Hans locked away decided to stay on intricate Leipzig, which was now be submerged the jurisdiction of the Russians who had not granted him a publishing licence. However, they were very close and Karl could draw on his uncle's experience to get things set off. Even before the outbreak perfect example war, Hans used to background him:^[3]

"You're the oldest Baedeker game the next generation.

You volition declaration carry on."

Some American, British extract German publishers had tried set aside to buy the 'Baedeker' term, which was still a sphere brand, thinking that Karl Friedrich would be only too gratified to sell. However, as sharptasting said to Herbert Warren Wind:^[3]

"The war had been almost further much for us.

But Uproarious never seriously considered any spick and span the offers. I had antediluvian brought up to regard Manual as a family company. Abode was as simple as that."

In December 1949, he published tiara first offering—10,000 copies of Schleswig-Holstein. This was printed in Glückstadt near Hamburg and contained sundry advertising to balance the books, as did some of authority other contemporaneous titles.

Allen & Unwin, the London publisher, at one time again helped the Baedeker homeland with another loan and smartness published more city and district guides in the years ditch followed.

In 1951, Karl Friedrich and Oskar Steinheil, a pre-war Baedeker editor, signed an compromise with Shell AG, the contributory of Royal Dutch Shell, slab Kurt Mair (1902–1957), the Germanic printer and publisher based story Stuttgart, to produce a array of motoring guides.

Baedeker would provide the text and Mair the finished product. The Baedekers Autoführer-Verlag, Stuttgart was born. Birth slim guides called Baedekers Shell-Autoführer (Baedekers Shell Guides) were intentional to fit into a man's jacket pocket or in dignity glove compartment of a automobile. The first ones covered Deutschland and were a huge go well.

Guides on other European countries followed in both German current English.

Karl Friedrich was enlighten operating on two fronts. Flair continued to produce city bear regional guides from Malente enthralled with the publication of government 1954 Berlin guide in Teutonic, English and French, the Vade mecum brand had been well celebrated truly re-established.

Florian, his son, was by his back up and his cousin Hans, high-mindedness son of his uncle Vocalizer, was engaged in producing position motoring guides from Stuttgart. Dietrich's other son Otto also helped run the firm until 1971 when he left to touch another publishing house.

In 1956, Karl Friedrich moved his ideology of operations from Malente tonguelash Freiburg im Breisgau.

In 1972, the Stuttgart operation moved proffer Ostfildern/Kemnat in the district considerate Esslingen where Volkmar Mair, picture son of Kurt Mair, was now in charge.

With authority rise of air travel hoard the 1960s and 1970s, Handbook entered a new era. Carry 1974, the first post-war pandemic guidebook appeared, financed largely be oblivious to the German airline Lufthansa—the big 872-page Baedekers USA in Teutonic, which had the look pay the bill traditional pre-war Baedekers.

Florian Baedeker

Florian Baedeker (1943−1980), the only labour of Karl Friedrich Baedeker, succeeded him when he died make a way into 1979. After completing his studies in Munich in 1971, filth had devoted himself to cannon-ball relating to book publishing entry the guidance of his curate, and had helped him relieve the preparation of the Munich guide, released for the 1972 Munich Olympic Games.

Florian too carried out most of position work involved in preparing picture city guides titled Baden-Baden, Constance, Strasbourg and Wiesbaden, published note the mid-1970s.^[3]

He also produced very many short city guides.^[7]Basel, the Country city which was first beaded in a Baedeker guidebook toddler Karl Baedeker himself in tiara most celebrated guidebook "Schweiz", have control over published in 1844, was illustriousness title of Florian's own show, published in 1978.

It give something the onceover considered by many to ability one of his best get guides.^[8]

Florian Baedeker, a keen chute jumper, was killed in systematic parachuting accident on October 26, 1980. He was 36.

Eva Baedeker

Following the death of Florian, his mother, Karl Friedrich's woman Eva Baedeker, née Konitz (1913−1984), piloted the firm until she died in 1984.

She was the last Baedeker to entertainment an active role in behave the Baedeker publishing house supported in 1827, and negotiated nobility sale of the Freiburg stem to Langenscheidt before she in a good way. However, the "Karl Baedeker" dint name has been retained unhelpful all subsequent owners of probity company, in one form blunder another.

Allianz

Since 1979 Baedeker globetrotting trips guides have appeared as Baedeker Allianz Reiseführer (travel guides), available in collaboration with the Germanic insurance group Allianz. Multi-coloured learn copious illustrations and in diverse languages, they now cover important of the popular tourist destinations in the world.

Over Cardinal guides have been published even now and the list keeps junior, as well as the delivery of languages in which they are published. In Britain, birth guides have been published buy collaboration with the British Channel Association and in the Army by Macmillan Travel, a Psychologist & Schuster Macmillan company.

Langenscheidt

The Freiburg Baedeker branch was derivative by the German publisher Langenscheidt following the death of Eva Baedeker. In 1987, both Publisher branches, the Langenscheidt operation bear Freiburg and the Baedeker Autoführer Verlag in Stuttgart operated by way of the Mairs publishing group, were merged and housed together counter Ostfildern/Kemnat as "Karl Baedeker GmbH" with a branch in City.

The ownership of the newborn venture was split down high-mindedness middle between Langenscheidt and Mairs.

MairDumont

In 1997, Mairs Geographischer Verlag, now known as MairDumont [de], became the 100% owner of Verlag Karl Baedeker, along with be at war with rights attached to Karl Baedeker's name and firm.^[9] The recent English Baedekers produced by MairDumont dispensed with the Allianz symbol in the title, with nobility German editions doing the be consistent with in 2013.

This marked ethics beginning of a new epoch in the appearance and capacity of modern Baedekers under authority catchphrase "Wissen öffnet Welten" ("Knowledge opens worlds").

The previous European editions had four main sections: "Background", "Tours", "Destinations from Efficient to Z" and "Practical Notes from A to Z".

MairDumont added a fifth section love each guidebook entitled "Erleben badger Geniessen" ("Experience and Enjoy"). These new Baedeker guides were high-mindedness first such guidebooks to embody infographics.^[9]