El tercer mundo wifredo lam biography

Paris Albisola 1962 – 977

Anchorage other Internationalization of his art

In distinction year of 1962, Lam spread to travel extensively and say nice things about attend exhibitions, but he likewise created a number of engravings: for the new edition longawaited Mabille's Miroir du merveilleux, pass by with artists Hérold, Matta celebrated Ernst; for Images, a envelope produced and printed at Giorgio Upiglio's print studio in Milan; for Carpentier's last book, El Reino de este mundo. Teeth of the changes in Paris in the same way the Algerian War came add up an end on March 18, followed by Algeria’s declaration disregard independence in July, the kinsmen decided to remain in Metropolis where Lou Laurin-Lam gave inception to their second son, Timour, on June 6.

They complementary to Alibssola for the season, the place that held rank most attraction for Lam. Their evenings were spent among attendance at the restaurants Il Cantinone, Mario's or at the Montparnass. Lam began looking for clean house to buy and one of these days found one in the Bruciati neighborhood. With some renovation pack up incorporate a painting studio, presentday work on the grounds, at hand would be a terraced pleasure garden with trees and an investiture of his totem collection.

That became Lam’s primary residence supply the next twenty years. Illustriousness children and the new opulence in no way diminished Lam's preoccupation with world events: grandeur missile crisis in Cuba, up-to-date particular, had the whole pretend on edge. After a overawe moment, Moscow decided to express its operations in exchange book a promise from the Mutual States not to invade Land.

Lam was equally troubled plus shocked by the life incarceration of Mandela, the leader learn the ANC, whose condemnation was all the more disturbing making allowance for he had taken up adopt against Apartheid, in place on account of 1948.

In 1963, Cuba welcomed Sock back with great pomp. Culminate friend Carlos Franqui, a partizan fighter who ran the rebels' radio station and their confidential newspaper, was promoted to leadership post of Minister of Humanity.

He invited Lam to distinction commemoration of May 1st take care of the Revolution Plaza. After quint years of absence, Lam reconnected with his family and rule close friends: Edmundo Desnoes, compressed the chief editor of Revolucíon and of the supplement Lunes de Revolucíon, who later wrote an essay on Lam indulged, “Lam, azul y negro;”the founder Ricardo Porro who wrote leadership text to accompany his fair at the Bibioteca Nacional José Marti; Nicolas Guillén, Lilian trip Alejo Carpentier, Odilio Urfé, on the other hand also Alain Jouffroy who difficult to understand come to Cuba for copperplate short visit.

He soon intellectual that the works he abstruse left behind had been nationalized and integrated in the put in storage of the Museo de Bellas Artes and that his inclusive library had disappeared. On Can 1st, the country received him as a hero and without fear was hailed as its “national painter.”

Lam returned to Albissola purpose the summer in time cut into attend the annual festival elaborate ceramics, at which he was again in the company selected his friends Jorn and Fontana, but also the sculptors Agenore Fabbri and Aligi Sassu, decency Polish artist Maria Papa Rostkowska and her companion, and glory art critic San Lazzaro, who founded the Parisian gallery concentrate on review XXe Siècle the twelvemonth before and which published flavour of Lam’s color lithographs, Affinités ambiguës. Lam began designing careful executing a mosaic for nobility boardwalk in Albissola, his express in a commissioned work yon some thirty local artists, well-nigh of them Italian.

Meanwhile fulfil engraved work was exhibited mix with the newly-opened Pescetto gallery. Emphasis the autumn, the family still into an apartment on honourableness Rue de la Convention secure the 15^th arrondissement – excellence children's education being the influential motive for choosing Paris. Evermore month, Lam commuted between Albissola and Paris to be elegant them.

In January, 1964, Lam was in New York to obtain the Guggenheim International Award; distinction prized works included in modification itinerant exhibition.

Shortly afterward, smartness was awarded the Marzotto guerdon in Italy. In Paris, rank Lams deepened their ties farm Joyce and Samir Mansour, who introduced them to their glorious collection of Egyptian art; operate the Chilean painter Enrique Zanartu, often exhibited at the Galerie du Dragon; and with rank Icelandic artist Erro, who esoteric been living in Paris thanks to 1958.

Lam followed closely greatness turn of international events owing to the Vietnam War broke collide and Martin Luther King won the Nobel prize, but flair was also full of woe at the death of Pierre Loeb in early May, dignity first person to have pretended his work some twenty-five adulthood ago in Paris. After position summer spent in Albissola name the company of Gherasim Luca, the Lam met up fitting Zette and Michel Leiris boil Venice.

They attended the greatest showing of the play La Tragédie du roi Christophe uncut at the Fenice. Written harsh Aimé Césaire, it draws breakout the true story of Speechmaker Christophe and of Haiti's struggling, the first colony to increase by two its independence and to college a republic at the break of the 18th century – full of significance for that period of decolonization.

Its make an impact held special significance for Fling, in particular its stand foresee relation to the post-revolutionary despotic regimes that had proliferated mud the course of the hundred. On December 18, Lam participated in a sort of taking place on the plaza of representation Contrescarpe in Paris.

Within interpretation group of participating artists were Alechinsky, Matta, Adami, Arroyo, J.-J. Lebel and Rotella. Organized tough the Italian art dealer, Ivanohe Trivulzio, they burned 13 canvases after producing photo-lithographs of stretch painting – a gesture come together promote affordable art.

In early 1965, Lam illustrated Gherasim Luca's angst-ridden poem Apostrop'Apocalypse. Explicit undoubtedly received an invitation getaway Leiris to the exhibition featuring the masterpieces in the lot of the Musée de l'Homme shortly before attending, with sovereign wife, the showing of La Tragédie du roi Christophe orangutan the Odéon on May 12.

Present at the event were Zette and Michel Leiris, Lilian and Alejo Carpentier, Picasso, Carver and Alioune Diop, in what was a first showing call a halt Paris. After the summer debilitated with the family in Stockholm and Falun, the Lams were invited to visit Alexandre Sculpturer in Saché where they fall over his main American collector, Author Horwich.

The American sculptor, Carver, who had discovered the corner south of Tours ten majority ago, had just finished capital a large well-lit studio shut in the middle of the country. Lam made engravings for excellence review Phases, the publication Paroles Peintes II and several etchings for Feuilles éparses by René Char, an edition of coronet book of recollections written betwixt 1923 and 1934 illustrated by way of surrealist artists.

And furthermore, subside participated in the 10th Ubiquitous Exhibition of Surrealism, L'Ecart absolu, after which he took efficient direct flight to Cuba, ethics day after Christmas 1965. Macabre him for the second at the double, Carlos Franqui had organized oblige his stay a solo extravaganza of his work, a administration commission and a visit signify the country.

To thank decency painter, Cuba produced a discontinue printed with one of her majesty paintings, Composition, which belonged follow the Museo de Bellas Artes of Havana. Lam executed uncut painting in homage to authority Cuban Revolution for the Statesmanly Palace, El Tercer Mundo (The Third World). It became representation subject of a film descendant Manuel Lamar, a film go had to wait many time eon to be released.

At authority occasion, Lam met Fidel Socialist. In his spare time, Plough into visited his sister Augustina.

On their progress back to Europe, the Fling couple flew with Aeroflot, which had established a direct thingamajig between Moscow and Havana, control over in Moscow for unembellished visit. Other travels followed clasp the wake of numerous true exhibitions.

A number of charming illustrated collections of poetry – collaborations between the artist other his poet friends – were published: L'Antichambre de la nature by Alain Jouffroy; Lessive shelter loup by the young lyricist Dominique Fourcade, who dedicated enthrone book to René Char; Le Théâtre et les dieux saturate Antonin Artaud.

After several era visiting Picasso in Mougins equal finish the Mas Notre Dame stateowned Vie, they returned to Albissola. But André Breton's death lose control September 28 cast its creep up on on the festive spirit receive traveling and visiting friends. Position couple returned to Paris contribution the funeral, accompanied by Leiris and Duchamp.

Lam and Carpentier, who was now the folk attaché for Cuba in Town, consoled each other with banquet guest the British writer Evangelist Greene, who had written expert spy novel set in Country, a novel full of acidness and intrigue on the get of the revolution. His minute novel, The Comedians, was non-negotiable in Haiti – a incriminating but humorous story about Duvalier's dictatorial regime, Papa Doc dowel his henchmen the Tontons Macoutes. Lam loved cooking for reward friends, and his guests enchanted in his copious, spicy Land dishes with black beans.

Take five November 19, a major retro on Picasso opened at birth Grand and Petit Palais (over 1000 works) – an reason Lam would not have incomprehensible for the life of him!

The year 1967 began with a number expend important retrospectives – Amsterdam, Brussels and Stockholm – at which Lam was present.

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Upon his return, he united Leiris in the celebrations loosen the publication of his paperback, Afrique Noire, la création artistique (in the collection “L'Univers nonsteroid formes” published by Gallimard). Significance book is dedicated to birth poet “Aimé Césaire, the porte-parole of the black world,” who was also represented in illustriousness exhibit at the Musée happy l'homme, Arts primitifs, dans insubordination ateliers d'artistes. Lam was previously at once dir again a participating artist entice the 23rd Salon de Mai in Paris, only this constantly he also made a representation for the Salon's poster.

By afterward, he was asked next organize the transportation of nobility exhibition to Cuba. Fidel Socialist, in his effort to extend international legitimacy, was seeking loftiness backing of leftist artists explode intellectuals from all over loftiness world. It was the supreme time an exhibition of of the time art was held in wonderful socialist country.

Lam worked peerless the project for several months with Carlos Franqui, Jacqueline Selz and Yvon Taillandier. The song hundred artists selected by Wifredo and Lou Laurin-Lam were standup fight invited by the Cuban make. Toward the end of June, the Lam family flew bright Cuba to begin preparations have a thing about the Salon, scheduled to dampen place from July 30 expect September 7 in Havana keep from from September to October trim Santiago.

Lam was there, deferral on the tarmac, to increase in value the new arrivals: Zette captivated Michel Leiris, Camacho, Cardénas, José Pierre, Zimbacca, Jean Schuster, Appel, César, Corneille, Erro, Hundertwasser, Pignon, Poliakoff, Vasarely, Monory, Ribeyrolles, Adami, Alechinsky, Arman, Penrose, Jouffroy, Luca, Nadeau....

The mural painting, Cuba colectiva, was created over join days (July 19 – 20), during which time the inclusive community joined in the praising – an event open add up to everyone and a sort be advisable for happening around contemporary art, transferral together many different artistic currents: Surrealism, New Figuration, Lettrism, Situationism, CoBrA, New Realism, Pop Expertise, Action Painting – proof defer Cuba also embraced abstract order.

The mural formed a entire spiral with, in its spirit, a totemic drawing by Escape. Leiris, who also participated, wrote: “Friendship with Cuba, the gules of the tropics and magnanimity revolution” and later, “Lam weather Franqui have kept the 'guerillero' spirit alive in their come upon personal way, which is authority style of this communist state, strongly marked by the quixotic and libertarian traditions that be part of to anarchy.”

Before leaving Country, Lam and Leiris were unbecoming by Carlos Franqui to distribute the French delegation of position Congress of Intellectuals scheduled get at take place in early 1968. They undoubtedly wrote up justness appeal.

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Understand his return to France, Censure also signed the surrealist experience “For Cuba” on November 14, 1967 (published in L'Archibras n°3, March, 1968). Meanwhile, people glory world over learned of Handrail Che's assassination in Bolivia. Tune quote from this revolutionary derive had special significance for Lam: “The skeleton of our all-inclusive freedom is already formed.

Glory flesh and clothing are lacking; we will create them.” In the long run b for a long time he was not able ought to be present at the stage, Lam was represented in several of the 90 pavilions carp the International Exhibition of Metropolis with its theme, “Terre nonsteroid hommes” – a symbolic visual aid of his work. Lam was once again on Cuban dirty in late December, in rank company of Leiris, Césaire, Jorn, Naville, Max-Pol Fouchet, Georges Limbour, Joyce Mansour, Matta, Jouffroy, René Louis des Forêts, Dionys Mascolo, Duras, Alechinsky, Edouard Pignon, Dungaree Schuster, Maurice Nadeau....

They resistance stayed at the Habana Libre hotel. Before the congress unlock, they visited the country, went to shows, meetings and ceremonies, and attended Fidel Castro's speeches. On January 4, 1968, primacy Congreso cultural de la Habana opened with some 400 literati present from all over picture world.

The congress was archetypal opportunity to discuss the difficulty of culture in underdeveloped countries (Asia, Africa and Latin America), with freedom of expression lofty on the agenda. Five commissions met, followed by concerts abstruse ballets in the evenings. Fly your own kite the participants signed the “Call of Havana,” against United States imperialism.

At the close exempt the congress, Lam and wreath friends took a trip tell off his birthplace, Sagua la Grande: Michel Leiris, the writer Max-Pol Fouchet – who was power the origin of the peel L'Art à Cuba directed beside Gérard Pignol – and Claude Couffon, professor of Spanish title Latin American literature and program of Lorca, Hernandez and Asturias and biographer of Nicolas Guillén.

After his Cuban experience, Sock became the subject of on the rocks film by Peter Malchus, discharge in Paris for German paparazzi, Der Maler Lam. While explicit participated in many exhibitions ditch year, the one at excellence Musée d'Art moderne de socket ville de Paris, Totems leasing tabous with Matta and Penalba, stood out among the Frenchwoman events.

At the Salon herd Mai, the collective work suffer the loss of Cuba was reproduced on university teacher poster. Lam finally returned hold down his home in Albissola, projected to be able to in the region of up his work again. Perform did not neglect, however, rule social engagements, inviting and think up appointments with important tally in the arts: the ceramist Tullio Mazotti, the poet Salavatore Quasimodo, the winner of goodness Nobel Prize in 1959, Lucio Fontana, Mario Di Micheli, wonderful writer and art critic....

In 1969, Lam push the project of illustrating Césaire's poems, a project that would take over ten years call for reach completion.

Just before rank birth of their third girl, Jonas, born on May 2, the family moved into unornamented large apartment on the Row de Beauséjour in the tie in neighborhood. The painter continued industrial action travel and attend exhibitions, take in indefatigable traveler, always eager allure meet new people and be familiar with stay abreast of new cinema and concerts.

The rest stare the time, he chose tender spend long periods without nobility family, alone in Albissola. Send 1970, he was especially heroic, making over 100 painted mill, including the very large boating (2.13 x 2.44m) Les Abaloches dansent pour Dhambala, dieu movement l'unité. He illustrated several works: the review Opus International n°19-20; Dialogues de mes lampes overtake the Haitian poet Magloire-Saint-Aude; El Circulo de piedra by Carlos Franqui, a book of 15 poems which is also attended by the art of Erro, Jorn, Kowalski, Miró, Pignon, Rebeyrolle, Tapiès, Vedova, Cardenas, Calder forward Camacho.

Among the numerous exhibitions that year, Lam was concern at the VIIIe biennale host Menton (July 1 – Sept 15), for which he prearranged the poster, dedicated to university teacher Latin American artists. In Oct, Lam's assorted dishes and plates were exhibited in Milan, La Porcellena di Wifredo Lam, imprison commissioned and made at glory Pietro Ruggero de la Didone Ceramice studio. One of depiction first major monographs written afford his friend Michel Leiris was published in Milan in European.

The family began planning unornamented trip to Egypt.

In 1971, Lam was present at birth commemoration of the 30^th Day of the American Rescue Board to show his gratitude strip the man who had masquerade it possible for him dealings leave occupied France: Varian Sputter. Other memories from that time surfaced as he learned call upon the death, on April 6, of the composer Igor Music, whom he had met cranium Cuba during the war.

Line made a number of sculptures in Albissola – a trademark of revival of his be foremost artistic impulse way back constant worry Havana in 1918. In 1971, a number of artistic cram were dedicated to Lam, apogee notably the film, Wifredo Sock : la recherche du center of attention suprême by Daniel Lecomte.

After an circus of his sculptures in Town in 1972, Lam and Leiris attended the inauguration at nobility Musée national des Arts scorch Traditions populaires, which itself locked away just been inaugurated. This “Louvre of the people” was conceived by their friend Georges-Henri Rivière.

Open from June 11, integrity 36th Venice Biennial consecrated organized hall to Lam's painting which was very well received indifference the press. The journalist Gianni Cavazzini considered him to weakness, alongside Alechinsky, the best grandmaster of the year. Lam explicit various works by his penny-a-liner friends: his engravings adorned André Pieyre de Mandiargues's Croiseur Noir; his drawings the text timorous Leiris “Pour Wifredo” that developed in the journal Ephémère. Adroit poem by Lam, “Lumière,” was reproduced in Alain Jouffroy's picture perfect dedicated to the artist, Lam, la conquête de l'unité perdue.

As the Vietnam War came give a lift an end in January, 1973, Lam made 6 lithographs envision accompany Dominique Agori's poems unaffected in Le Regard vertical; premeditated the frontispiece of El Incendio by José Herrera Petere; deed in L'Emerveillé merveilleux, he telling a poem by René Combust.

He also participated in figure collective portfolios, one in adoration to Miró and the keep inside to Picasso, who had reasonable died. Deeply saddened by justness death of his friend enthralled forever grateful to him be thankful for his encouragement right from greatness start, for his friendly increase in value on their first meeting lessening 1938, Lam wrote a wadding in his honor entitled, “Mon amitié avec Picasso” (My comradeship with Picasso) for the paper L'Humanité. But equally painful was the parting of his archangel friend Jorn, who died scam the hospital of Aarhus guarantee Denmark on May 1st.

Unease his way to Albissola, filth visited Avignon and the Palais des Papes to see blue blood the gentry Picasso exhibit. Once settled knock back to work, he painted manipulation 250 paintings, as an rich distinct working period began, interrupted solitary by the documentary being filmed on his life and work: Wifredo Lam: Ett konstnärs porträtt by Barbro and Günes Karabuda for the Swedish radio take television.

Again, the painter followed closely and anxiously the universally of international events with Pinochet's coup d'état on September 11, overturning Salvador Allende, Chile's guide since 1970. And closely intrude on its heels, the news do admin Neruda's death on September 23, in a clinic in City, his house sacked and cap books burnt. Lam wasted pollex all thumbs butte time in helping the chumps of the military putsch hold up Chile by making a silk-screen to accompany the album Chili 11 septembre - 11 latino-américains, published by the France-Latin Usa Committee.

Lam watched On vous parle du Chili, a infotainment by Chris Marker in which Salvador Allende is interviewed get by without Régis Debray. And for systematic change of scene, the kith and kin spent the Christmas holidays fell India.

The painter was boost the subject of a membrane in 1974, Lam o l'animado grafismo, by Mario Carbone deviate took place both at rendering painter's house in Albissola turf at Giorgio Upiglio's print flat in Milan.

He created a handful lithographs for Le Feu vert, published in Italy. In Town, he created a series faultless lithographs to accompany Pleni Luna by José Pierre and Ragnar von Holten. While he rouged a great deal, some Cardinal canvases, and continued to bare as many, he spent representation school holidays with the kindred.

Lam organized a trip attack the North Cape for leadership summer with the children courier to India for Christmas, doubtful a number of friends improve join them. In India, lighten up filmed constantly, fascinated by ethics sites and the technology realize the moving camera – rectitude Benares Shoals and Mahabalipuram (southern India), on the coast, keep in check the north at Pondicherry swing they visited the ruins follow the sanctuary consecrated to Hebdomad and Vishnu from the Ordinal century.

A passion for ceramics (1975)

A book on rulership drawings was published in 1975, prefaced by Philippe Soupault who wrote of his works reorganization “mediations on bolts of lightning.” The painter became involved huddle together an altogether personal artistic business, the album Le nouveau Nouveau monde de Lam, prefaced bypass Jouffroy, a sublime book beckon black and white with illustrations, photos and extracts – cessation carefully assembled and chosen hard the artist.

He wrote indefinite short passages about his have a wash personal reminiscences. After a affinity trip to Greece, during picture Easter holidays, Lam once take back settled down in Albissola. Smartness took another absence from surmount paints, however, to work demonstrate the San Giorgio studio. Earth began working intensively on earthenware, enjoying the technique – man's most ancient creative act, gradation earth and fire – thanks to of “the creative freedom be paid the art.” He completed be in command of 300 pieces which were inept sooner put on exhibit argue the Ceramics Museum of Albissola.

Gianna Lombardi made a flick for the Italian-Swiss television.

Lam's production of graphic gratuitous remained abundant. In 1976, a- number of the works take steps had illustrated were published: Contre une maison sèche and De la sainte famille au lively à la paresse by René Char; then El ultimo Viaje del buque fantasma, a chronicle by the Colombian writer Archangel García Marquez.

A succession pan collective and personal exhibitions followed, most notably at the Galerie Albert Loeb where his attention was accompanied by African squeeze Oceanic art objects. In Town, Lam again joined the Yard goods gatherings at Châtillon with jurisdiction dear friend Césaire, and became a regular at the Country embassy with Carpentier and government guests.

It was also strong important year for monographs, publicized internationally by authors Sebastia Gasch, Pierre Gaudibert, Max-Pol Fouchet explode Wieland Schmied. A year else of great loss with say publicly deaths of Ernst, Man Swing round and Calder.

For the Easterly holidays of 1977, the kith and kin and their friends went fit in Kenya, an opportunity for Line to discover Black Africa.

Nevertheless the Africa he encountered was too “touristy” – far vary the “original” experience he difficult to understand hoped for. He was appreciated to Cuba in June verify the presentation at the Museo de Bellas Artes of reward most recent lithographs. He reconnected with Gabriel García Marquez weather with his old friend René Portocarrero.

The director of Humberto Solas began a documentary enlarge Lam's life for Cuban verify. The inauguration at the Musée d'art moderne at the Centre Georges-Pompidou brought him back finding Paris. He was invited tote up participate in two other exhibitions: 100 oeuvres nouvelles 1974-1976, followed by Paris-New York. And as a result it was Spain that callinged him back, to Alicante, Madrid and Barcelona, where he upfront a personal hanging of wreath work.

Now that Franco was dead, he decided to stop off longer in the country – the country for which perform had fought.

Anne Egger

(Translation by Constancy Woodman)