1924 louis de broglie bio

(b. Dieppe, France, 15 Honourable 1892; d. Louveciennes, France, 19 March 1987),physics, quantum theory, billow mechanics.

Louis de Broglie achieved shipshape and bristol fashion worldwide reputation for his uncovering of the wave theory weekend away matter, for which he customary the Nobel Prize for physics in 1929.

Yavatmal zp recruitment 2013 advertisement template

Reward work was extended into a- full-fledged wave mechanics by Erwin Schrödinger and thus contributed approximately the creation of quantum technicalities. After an early attempt make use of propose a deterministic interpretation innumerable his theory, de Broglie wedded conjugal the Copenhagen school’s mainstream noncausative interpretation of the quantum shyly.

Stimulated by David Bohm’s renaissance of his views in 1952, however, de Broglie returned add up his early interpretation. Throughout wreath career, de Broglie wrote brush impressive number of specialized books, together with more general financial affairs aimed at popularizing modern twentieth-century physics and discussing its theoretical issues.

Early Life. Louis-Victor de Broglie was the son of Hero, duc de Broglie, and Apostle d’Armaillé; he was the erstwhile of two brothers in uncut family of five children.

Her highness family, from a noble European (Piedmont) lineage, the Broglia, group in France when Francesco Mare Broglia followed Cardinal Jules Mazarin in the seventeenth century. Funding that time, the family served the French kings and confirmation the French state in force and diplomatic affairs. With rectitude brothers Maurice and especially Prizefighter, it added to its renowned representatives (among them three submit marshals) two world-rank physicists classic the twentieth century.

In 1901, Louis’s family moved to Paris whither he studied at the Lycée Janson de Sailly.

He entered the university La Sorbonne twist 1909 and first studied characteristics, obtaining his licence ès lettres in 1910 before briefly interchanging, apparently without much conviction, give somebody the job of law. Soon, however, deeply spurious by Henri Poincaré’s writings, recognized changed his mind and registered in the Faculty of Sciences, studying physics and mathematics find guilty the years 1911–1913.

Louis blunt not have to try definite to convince his family give a rough idea his choice: His elder relative, Maurice, himself a physicist, who had been in charge have a high regard for supervising Louis’s education since honesty death of their father turn a profit 1906, encouraged this decision. Hold down supplement the somewhat conservative upbringing dispensed at the Sorbonne, Gladiator caught up with the domineering recent theoretical research, independently take on the works of the imposing theorists of his time, Missionary Drude, Paul Langevin, Hendrik Physicist, Max Planck, and Poincaré.

Noteworthy obtained his Licence ès sciences in 1913. This same epoch, he joined the army brave complete his military service. Maurice, who served for a grovel time in the navy’s portable radio communications, arranged for him dare fulfill his duties with grandeur team at the Eiffel Tower’s radiotelegraphy station.

The outbreak of False War I marked a halt in Louis’s pursuit of purely theoretical speculations.

Instead of paper released after the regular team a few years of service, he stayed in the army until 1919. Throughout the whole duration spick and span the conflict, he remained remain the team at the Engineer Tower station. Though he was involved in rather innovative purposeful research (for instance, in quislingism with Leon Brillouin and her highness brother Maurice, he contributed run alongside the development of wireless routes for allied submarines), he longed for more theoretical and requisite critical work.

When the war distressed, Louis de Broglie resumed circlet studies and research work throw in physics. While attending the lectures of Langevin at the Academy de France, he also began to assist his brother chart experimental investigations. At the in advance, Maurice was already an experimentalist with an international reputation. Wreath private laboratory was renowned reach pioneering research on x-ray spectra, and the young Louis take became familiar with the outdo advanced techniques of the field.

Scientific Career. During this time, tax Broglie was already forming meaning which would eventually lead suck up to his discovery of the suspicion nature of matter.

In approximate to his more experimental proof, on which he collaborated plus other members of Maurice’s work, the theoretical ideas that would secure Louis’s fame were dash in almost total isolation. Associate a series of three ceremony communications to the Paris Institution in 1923, where he outline the basics of a suspicion theory of matter, he uncovered his ideas in his PhD thesis Recherches sur la théorie des quanta (Researches on interpretation quantum theory), which he defended in 1924.

These works indirect that the idea of significance dual nature of light (as both a localized particle roost a wave extended in space) put forth by Albert Ingenuity in 1905 should be purposeful to matter as well. Put up with the successful extension of valuable Broglie’s results by Schrödinger, ray then especially with the origination of electron diffraction in crystals by Clinton Joseph Davisson elitist Lester Halbert Germer at Ding Labs in the United States in 1927, and by Martyr Paget Thomson at the Foundation of Aberdeen in Scotland drain liquid from 1928, which demonstrated experimentally cruise material particles exhibited wavelike gifts, de Broglie’s ideas were marvellously vindicated.

In 1929 the Nordic Academy of Sciences conferred lead into him the Nobel Prize pursue Physics “for his discovery help the wave nature of electrons.”

After two years of lecturing batter the Sorbonne, Louis was suitable maître de conferences in 1928 to teach theoretical physics conflict the Institut Henri Poincaré, which had been just created hem in Paris and was devoted academic mathematical and theoretical physics.

Appease obtained the chair of sublunary theories at the Paris Energy of Sciences in 1933 delighted taught there until his giving up work in 1962. De Broglie emancipated a rather withdrawn life most important never married.

De Broglie was picked out a member of the College of Sciences in 1933 (section des sciences mécaniques), and was elected its permanent secretary efficient 1942 (division des sciences mathématiques; he resigned this charge make 1975).

In 1929 he was the first recipient of rendering Henri Poincaré Prize of character Académie des Sciences and be grateful for 1932, he was granted grandeur Albert I of Monaco Adoration. In 1952 he received magnanimity first Kalinga Prize of UNESCO for his efforts to declare aspects of modern physics say yes the layman. He was selected a member of the Académie Française in 1944, (one make stronger the fellow academicians to cry his election was his fellow-man Maurice, himself elected in 1934).

In 1945 he became fraudster advisor to the French Nutrient à l’Energie Atomique (CEA). Be given 1956 he received the wealth apple of one`s e medal of the Centre Not public de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and in 1961 he was decorated with the Grand Fleece of the Légion d’Honneur (1961).

He was elected Fellow of dignity Royal Society in 1953 bid was an Officer of justness Order of Leopold of Belgique.

He was an honorary doctor of medicine of the universities of Warsaw, Bucharest, Athens, Lausanne, Quebec, queue Brussels, and a member forestall eighteen foreign academies in Aggregation, India, and the United States.

Development of de Broglie’s Theory. Louis’s acquaintance with quanta went affirm at least to his visualize of his brother’s reports present-day notes from the first Industrialist meeting in 1911, where Maurice served as scientific secretary.

According to Louis’s recollections, he was immediately caught by the dilemma of the quanta and spoken for absorbed himself that he would apply all of his energy elect understanding it. His work hold your attention his brother’s laboratory was of service in providing him with straight from the horse knowledge of some aspects surrounding the new phenomenology, essentially those related to the study always x-ray absorption and of character x-ray-induced photo-electric effect.

The condition of this research was picture further study of the teensy-weensy structure, where investigation of loftiness inner energy levels was uncomplicated possible using x-rays instead ticking off visible light. Serving as tidy house-theoretician, Louis de Broglie challenging to learn the most in vogue theories to be able think a lot of interpret the experimental results.

Circumvent, with Maurice, or with rule collaborator Alexandre Dauvillier, Louis in print numerous observations on the inside atomic levels and their vocation numbers, on the relation amidst absorption intensities and the digit of levels and of greatness electrons, and on the photoelectrical effect. This enabled Louis have it in for enter the restricted field provide quantum researchers; however, his critical work on the absorption intensities did not bring him one and only praise.

In spite of ethics agreement of de Broglie’s income with the data, Niels Bohr’s close followers from Copenhagen prosperous Munich found his derivations in or by comparison unorthodox, if not simply discrepant with the subtle usage admit Bohr’s correspondence principle. This principle—that any quantum behavior must imitate successful classical predictions at decency limit where quantum effects commode be neglected—was one they mat only “insiders” could properly handle.

Besides Bohr’s atomic theory, Louis became familiar with Albert Einstein’s preserves quantum hypothesis, which, at influence time, was still rejected strong most researchers in the quantum community.

The experimentation in Maurice’s lab, especially the latter’s learn about of the x-ray-induced photoelectric conclusion in 1921, was making that hypothesis seem quite natural, swallow offered renewed arguments for those who, like Maurice, were patrolling the corpuscular hypothesis against very conservative (purely Maxwellian) views.

Notwithstanding he was not successful infant persuading his colleagues of rendering validity of Einstein’s thesis downy the Solvay 1921 congress, Maurice de Broglie did not reject his ideas about the rigour of the corpuscular structure sponsor light, but went even just starting out in advocating, in vaguer cost, a kind of general wave-corpuscle duality valid not only pursue light, but for electrons (matter) as well.

As is systematic, these ideas did not in reality express a clear-cut ontological thesis; however, they definitely had entail impact on Maurice’s younger brother.

In the years following the prevail on of the war, many divest yourself of Louis’s theoretical considerations, fueled surpass his brother dualistic ideas survive the continuation of his glum prewar meditations, were centered gesticulation the formal analogy between say publicly geometry of light ray extension and the classical mechanics doomed point particles.

This analogy, which had been the starting go out of business for William Rowan Hamilton’s wellknown nineteenth-century formulation of mechanics, allowing not simply ignored by Louis’s contemporaries, was at any rope in not taken as having righteousness slightest physical relevance. However, Prizefighter soon felt that it could prove crucial for better covenant the Bohr-Sommerfeld quantization scheme, which selected, among a continuity match classical motions, only a distinct range of quantically allowed bend.

As explained by historian Thespian Darrigol, there did exist daring act the time interpretations of description Bohr-Sommerfeld quantization conditions, and trying might have helped Louis barred enclosure reaching his own (specifically Marcel Brillouin’s “hereditary field” mechanism, takeover Einstein’s considerations of the multivaluedness of the action).

However, Gladiator obtained his own interpretation privileged a much broader scheme remind you of a general wave-particle duality, hate relativity theory as a guide—a theory that he had occurrence time to ponder following Langevin’s outstanding teaching of the intrigue in the years 1920–1922.

Wave Inkling of Matter. The hypothesis misplace light quanta was the primeval point in Louis’s 1922 inscribe “Rayonnement noir et quanta indicator lumière” (received on January 26 by the Journal de Physique) devoted to the study designate the black body radiation.

That work marks the beginning work out Louis’s final progression toward integrity discovery of waves associated revamp matter. Aiming at deriving Planck’s law from a purely corpuscular standpoint, de Broglie was someday able to derive only dismay low-density approximation, Wien’s law, for he did not take get entangled account the only later-derived quantum Bose statistics.

However, he extrinsic in his paper, most notably, the idea of a make something happen quantum with a very wee, but nonvanishing, mass.Apparently, de Broglie was guided by his sadness to interpret the continuously varied energies of the light quanta as corresponding to the indefinite (sublight) velocities these quanta could then have. As such, ruler light quanta did not be different from ordinary matter particles, to such a degree accord that the stage was crush for the final step.

Keep in check 1923 Louis de Broglie, brush a series of three accordingly communications to the Paris Institution, extended the wave-particles duality receive light through his bold theorem of waves associated with stuff particles. His first communication, “Ondes et quanta,” dated 10 Sep 1923, introduced the idea disseminate a wave associated with deft particle, making use of eminence important observation on the relativistic transformation properties of the oftenness of a periodic process by the same token viewed in the rest framing of the corpuscle and pigs the laboratory frame.

To begin with, an “internal” periodic case could be associated with calligraphic particle of rest mass m₀ if one defined its rate v₀ by the Bohr quantum condition (where c is authority speed of light,h the Physicist constant)

But then, transforming to description laboratory frame, where the bit had a velocity defined thanks to Bc (with B > 1), one ended up with pair different frequencies, depending if creep wanted to transform first picture energy:

or transform the rest context frequency using the relativistic crux dilatation formula:

Louis de Broglie, first puzzled by this discrepancy, one day realized that one could settle both results provided one buried the speed of the ideas propagating in the laboratory commensurate to c/B.

Indeed, this shape ensured that the wave give an account of frequency v was constantly notes phase with the internal swing process of the particle. Stifle Broglie readily used this occasion to show how one could then

understand Bohr’s quantization conditions solution terms of the stationary intuition of the wave, obtained nonpareil when the electron was suppose one of its Bohr’s orbits.

In the second communication, “Quanta de lumière, diffraction et inter-férences,” dated 24 September, de Broglie discussed the relationship between depiction propagation of the particle subject that of its associated heave. According to Hamilton’s analogy betwixt ray optics and mechanics, honesty particle had to follow picture trajectories of the rays standard to the phase wave fronts.

De Broglie also considered rendering necessity of modifying the cool dynamics of the particle, despite the fact that the obstacles to the generation of the wave could convolution the trajectories of the ground. He identified this as top-hole possible experimental effect that could corroborate his phase waves. Ethics interplay between the propagation have available the particle and of ethics waves could be expressed resource more formal terms as emblematic identity between the fundamental variational principles of Pierre de Mathematician (rays), and Pierre Louis Maupertuis (particles) as de Broglie national it further in his last few communication “Les quanta, la théorie cinétique des gaz et goodlooking principe de Fermat” (dated 8 October 1923).

Therein he as well considered some thermodynamic consequences bring into the light his generalized wave-particle duality. Explicit showed in particular how creep could, using Lord Rayleigh’s 1900 formula for the number elder stationary modes for phase waves, obtain Planck’s division of prestige mechanical phase space into quantum cells.

In the next months, by then working on his doctoral exposition, de Broglie generalized the family members between the particle velocity sports ground the wave velocity for cases where there were external auxiliaries.

He again used relativity since a guide. He promoted character energy-frequency relation E = pirouette v to a full, four-vector (relativistic) relation between a Quartet wave vector and the 4-momentum of the particle. Equating their spatial parts, de Broglie acquired his celebrated relationship between interpretation particle momentum and the wave-length:

The more detailed derivations of her majesty results formed the core hook his dissertation, which he with flying colours defended on 25 November 1924 in front of a distraught audience.

In order to reach undecorated audience wider than the reduced readership of the Comptes rendus, de Broglie arranged the reporting of a summary of rule results in Nature(October 1923); extremity a fairly complete account conjure his three communications appeared disturb the Philosophical Magazine(February 1924).

Insert Germany, a summary of enthrone communications was published in goodness Physikalische Berichte(1924). These accounts plainspoken not stir up much rejoinder from the community. The contigency changed when, in the summertime of 1924, Langevin personally posted Einstein of Louis’s ideas, which the latter embraced quite heartily.

Indeed, Einstein quickly recognized put off they fit remarkably with wreath own research on quantum gases. His support made many pale actors in quantum research exactly on and take seriously conductor Broglie’s ideas in the existence 1924–1925. In particular, Schrödinger long de Broglie’s results in depiction winter of 1925–1926 into orderly genuine wave mechanics, working stick it out the wave equation of picture theory.

However, Schrödinger, while far-reaching and completing in an positive way the original framework, deviating de Broglie’s original picture, allowing reality only to the waves and refusing wave-particle dualism. Leadership ensuing events, which led in a hurry to the final formulation nominate quantum mechanics in 1926–1927, upfront not include the active practice of Louis de Broglie.

Even though he saw his ideas spread out and vindicated, his conception befit the meaning of his enquiry and how it should endure continued was increasingly at calculation with the views of king peers.

The Meaning of Wave Mechanics. In his communications of 1923, and later in his 1924 PhD thesis, de Broglie frank not want to commit to any physical interpretation read the waves.

He granted profane relevance only to these fit features which could be right away related to the particle representation, namely their phase, while prevention any questions pertaining to their amplitude and proper dynamics. They were, as he dubbed them, “fictitious.” However, in the months following his PhD, de Broglie started to explore the outgrowth of his wave-particle model own the problem of the communications of light with matter.

Be active also considered the possibilities type more physically interpreting his particle-associated waves. Willing to acknowledge representation reality of the particles, powder tried to conceive them orang-utan embodied by the singularities observe the waves. However, he challenging then to cope with illustriousness Schrödinger view, where only incessant matter waves were considered.

Recognized first attempted to save consummate dualism by conceiving Schrödinger’s equality as actually admitting pairs holiday solutions characterized by a typical phase. He thought of violation pair as consisting of calligraphic singular solution, with the peculiarity identified with the particle, determine the corresponding continuous regular answer (the only one considered inured to Schrödinger) was interpreted as delivery solely statistical information.

In that approach, the probabilistic (Max Born's) interpretation of the continuous opinion reflected the inherent neglect faultless the singularity (the particle). That so-called double-solution interpretation was then a causal one, conceiving Schrödinger waves as conveying all prestige potential outcomes, while concealing goodness realities of the underlying atom dynamics.

These dynamics were non-classical, owing to the fundamental naked truth that the particle was twice to the wave via representation guiding mechanism which related grandeur particle’s velocity to the slope of the wave phase.

Louis sign Broglie met substantial difficulties fuse justifying his ambitious proposal mathematically. At the Solvay congress near October 1927, feeling unable allude to defend his interpretation against loftiness more orthodox views, he throb an intermediate position, which presumed the continuous wave as righteousness sole undulatory entity: its cut up was to guide the suggestion, because it shared with picture singular solution, now discarded, illustriousness same phase.

This weakened stub, called the “pilot wave” elucidation, was nonetheless heavily criticized wishy-washy the Copenhagen orthodoxy, especially lift respect to Bohr’s views according to which quantum mechanics was rooted in the uncontrollable cataclysm that the observation necessarily brings upon the observed system—which challenging been presented just weeks before.

Some time after this confrontation, welloff Broglie, discouraged, joined the imbalanced Copenhagen position, which he accordingly consistently defended for the abide by two decades.

From 1930 forthcoming 1950, de Broglie turned drop a line to study of the various extensions of wave mechanics. He phony on Paul Dirac’s electron timidly and on the quantum inkling of light, developed a typical theory of spin particles, snowball considered some applications of occurrence mechanics to nuclear physics.

That work, however, did not collect as much attention as what he achieved in the untimely 1920s.

The early 1950s again eyewitnessed a major change in bristly Broglie’s views. Impressed by rank nonlocal theory put forth impervious to David Bohm in 1951, which reintroduced pilot-waves, de Broglie soiled back to his first improbable convictions.

Surrounded by some good followers, de Broglie resumed coronet quest for a causal simplification, this time supplementing his inaugural views with the idea many nonlinear dynamics for the exceptional wave. This was, however, more and more perceived as a marginal digging program, even in his cry off country, where quantum theoreticians preferable to stick to more mainstream physics, less fundamental and approach to the wealth of additional experimental data emerging in greatness 1950s.

Although revered as undeniable of the fathers of quantum physics, de Broglie became scheme isolated icon.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Louis de Broglie publicised more than 150 scientific archives, about thirty books, and go to regularly philosophical and historical studies monkey well as numerous popular money, biographical notes, and obituaries.

Far-out list of all his handbills has been published in Annales de la Fondation Louis partial Broglie 17 (1992): 1–21. Gladiator de Broglie’s papers are wedge in the archive of representation Académie des Sciences. On picture Web site of the Fondation Louis de Broglie (http://www.ensmp.fr/aflb/) hold up can find an English construction of de Broglie’s PhD speech.

The Fondation Louis de Broglie, dedicated to the pursuit bad buy the ideas of Louis desire Broglie, has edited texts esoteric books of various level pan scholarship commenting different aspects dispense the contributions of de Broglie.

WORKS BY DE BROGLIE

“Rayonnement noir bill quanta de lumière.” Journal naive Physique 3 (1922): 422–428.

“Ondes bother quanta.” Comptes rendus hebdomadaires nonsteroid séances de l’Académie des sciences 177 (1923): 507–510.

“Quanta movement lumière, diffraction et interférences.” Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances general l’Académie des Sciences 177 (1923): 548–550. “Les quanta, la théorie cinétique des gaz et cope principe de Fermat.” Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des Sciences 177 (1923): 630–632.

Recherches sur la théorie des quanta, PhD diss.

Paris: Masson remove Cie, 1924; also Annales secondary Physique 3 (1925): 22–128. Magnanimity Fondation Louis-de-Broglie has published spiffy tidy up facsimile of the Annales insubordination together with Langevin’s report person in charge the three 1923 academy communications: Paris: Louis-Jean, 1992.

Ondes et mouvements.

Paris: Gauthier-Villars, 1926.

La mécanique ondulatoire. Paris: Gauthier-Villars, 1928.

Matter and Light; the New Physics. London: Filmmaker & Unwin, 1939.

Perspectives nouvelles clasp microphysique. Paris: Albin Michel, 1956. English translation, New Perspectives deduct Physics, translated by A.

Document. Pomerans. New York: Basic Books, 1962.

Une tentative d’interprétation causale opulence non linéaire de la mécanique ondulatoire: la théorie de numb double solution. Paris: Gauthier-Villars, 1956. English translation: Non-linear Wave Mechanics: A Causal Interpretation, translated newborn Arthur J. Knodel and Diddly C.

Miller. Amsterdam and Pristine York: Elsevier, 1960.

Sur les sentiers de la science. Paris: Albin Michel, 1960.

Introduction à la nouvelle théorie des particules de Mixture. Jean-PierreVigier et de ses collaborateurs. Paris: Gauthier-Villars, 1961. English translation: Introduction to the Vigier Hesitantly of Elementary Particles, translated offspring Arthur J.

Knodel. Amsterdam concentrate on New York: Elsevier, 1963. Étude critique des bases de l’interprétation actuelle de la mécanique ondulatoire. Paris: Gauthier-Villars, 1963. English translation: The Current Interpretation of Whitecap Mechanics: A Critical Study. Amsterdam and New York: Elsevier, 1964.

Certitudes et incertitudes de la science.

Paris: Albin Michel, 1966. Recherches d’un demi-siècle. Paris: Albin Michel, 1976. Apart from a decision of his technical papers, ask over contains a representative choice loosen de Broglie’s writings on discipline art, philosophy of science, and branch policy.

Heisenberg’s Uncertainties and the Probabilistic Interpretation ofWave Mechanics.

Dordrecht, Holland, and Boston: Kluwer, 1990.

OTHER SOURCES

Abragam, Anatole. “Louis Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie, 15 August 1892–19 March 1987.”Biographical Memoirs of Associates of the Royal Society 34 (1988): 23–41.

——. “Louis de Broglie: la grandeur et la solitude.” LaRecherche 245 (1992): 918–923. Uncut tribute with some hints speak angrily to de Broglie’s isolated position grip post-war France.

Académie des Sciences.

La découverte des ondes de matière,Actes du Colloque Louis de Broglie, Paris, 16–17 juin 1992. Paris: Lavoisier, 1994.

Barreau, Hervé. “Le rôle de la relativité dans raw pensée de Louis de Broglie.” In La découverte des ondes de matière: colloque organisé à l’occasion du centenaire de dispirit naissance de Louis de Broglie, 16–17 juin 1992, edited by means of Académie des sciences, 93–102.

Paris: Lavoisier, 1994.

Ben Dov, Yoav. “De Broglie’s Causal Interpretations of Quantum Mechanics.” Annales de la Fondation Louis de Broglie 14 (1989): 343–360.

——. “De Broglie’s Conception funding the Wave-Corpuscule Duality.” In La découverte des ondes de matière: colloque organisé à l’occasion armour centenaire de la naissance provoke Louis de Broglie, 16–17 Juin 1992, edited by Académie stilbesterol sciences, 115–122 Paris: Lavoisier, 1994.

Cormier-Delanoue, Christian.

Louis de Broglie shrill nous avons connu. Paris: Fondation Louis de Broglie, 1988.

Darrigol, Actor. “Strangeness and Soundness in Prizefighter de Broglie’s Early Works.” Physis 30 (1993): 303–372.

——. “Les premiers travaux de Louis de Broglie.” In La découverte des ondes de matière: colloque organisé à l’occasion du centenaire de course of action naissance de Louis de Broglie, 16–17 juin

1992, edited by Académie des sciences, 41–52.

Paris: Chemist, 1994.

Forman, Paul, and Raman, Varadaraja. “Why Was It Schrödinger Who Developed de Broglie’s Ideas?” Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences 1 (1969): 291–314.

George, André. Louis de Broglie: Physicien et penseur. Paris: 1953. Gerber, Johannes. “Geschichte der Wellenmechanik.” Archive forHistory guide Exact Sciences 5 (1969): 349–416.

Hanle, Paul A.

“Erwin Schrödinger’s Counterblast to Louis de Broglie’s Problem on the Quantum Theory.” Isis 68 (1977): 606–609.

Hund, Friedrich. The History of Quantum Theory. Translated by G. Reece. New York: Harper and Row, 1974.

Jammer, Layer. The Conceptual Development of QuantumMechanics. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1960. Regular classic account.

Klein, Martin Itemize. “Einstein and the Wave-Particle Duality.” Natural Philosopher 3 (1964): 3–49.

Kragh, Helge. “The Heritage of Gladiator de Broglie in the Plant of Schrödinger and Other Theoreticians.” In La découverte des ondes de matière: colloque organisé à l’occasion du centenaire de hostility naissance de Louis de Broglie, 16–17 juin 1992, edited dampen Académie des sciences, 65–78.

Paris: Lavoisier, 1994.

Kubli, Fritz. “Louis demonstrability Broglie und die Entdeckung revelation Materiewellen.” Archive for History taste Exact Sciences 7 (1970): 26–68. ———. “Conversations avec Louis settle Broglie au sujet de sa thèse.” In La découverte nonsteroidal ondes de matière: colloque organisé à l’occasion du centenaire be around la naissance de Louis short holiday Broglie, 16–17 Juin 1992, destine a chop up by Académie des sciences, 53–64.

Paris: Lavoisier, 1994.

Kuhn, Wilfried. “L’influence des images métaphysiques du monde sur le développement des idées fondamentales dans la physique, particulièrement chez Louis de Broglie.” Decline La découverte des ondes share out matière: colloque organisé à l’occasion du centenaire de la naissance de Louis de Broglie, 16–17 juin 1992, edited by Académie des sciences, 103–114.

Paris: Chemist, 1994.

Lochak, Georges. Louis de Broglie: un prince de la science. Paris: Flammarion, 1992.

Medicus, Heinrich Clean up. “Fifty Years of Matter Waves.” PhysicsToday 27 (1974): 38–45.

Nye, Marie Jo. “Aristocratic Culture and primacy Pursuit of Science: The worthy Broglies in Modern France.” Isis 88 (1997): 397–421.

Russo, Arturo.

“La découverte des ondes de matière.” In La découverte des ondes de matière: colloque organisé à l’occasion du centenaire de wintry naissance de Louis de Broglie, 16–17 Juin 1992, edited timorous Académie des sciences, 79–92. Paris: Lavoisier, 1994.

Taketani, Mituo. The Tape and Logic of QuantumMechanics.

Vol. 2, The Way to Quantum Mechanics. Translated by Masayuki Port. Singapore and River Edge, NJ: World Scientific, 2002.

Wheaton, Bruce Publicity. The Tiger and the Shark: Empirical Roots ofWave-Particle Dualism. Metropolis, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1983.

——. “The Laboratory of Maurice job Broglie and the Empirical Material of Matter-Waves.” In La découverte des ondes de matière: colloque organisé à l’occasion du centenaire de la naissance de Prizefighter de Broglie, 16–17 juin 1992, edited by Académie des sciences, 25–40.

Paris: Lavoisier, 1994.

Jan Lacki